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complement serum activity by lysing sheep erythrocytes

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,394 Words)

Introduction The Immune system is a series of complex processes which has evolved to protect the body from attack by foreign pathogens. These pathogens are able to enter our body through the skin or lining of the internal organs. The immune system is able to protect us from intracellular and extracellular organisms as well as from ourselves, stopping malignancies and autoimmune diseases from spreading in our bodies ...

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AP Biology Lab Photosynthetic activity Purpose

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,761 Words)

AP Biology Lab Photosynthetic activity Purpose One purpose of this lab is to test the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic activity. Another purpose of this lab is to test the effect of boiled versus unboiled chloroplasts on photosynthetic activity. Variables 1:Independent -The independent variable is the light intensity (presence or absence of light). Dependent -The dependent variable is the percent transmittance (%). This will be measured ...

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Denaturation Of Egg White Data Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,240 Words)

For the experiments observing the effects of temperature change on egg white denaturation, 2 egg white solutions are incubated at 60 and 80. White precipitate, milky solution and lump formation are observed in two boiling tubes after a period of time. When egg white solution is placed in water bath above room temperature, denaturation occurs followed by coagulation. Heat disrupts hydrogen bonds inside the protein, as a ...

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Production Of The Monoclonal Antibody Cetuximab Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,037 Words)

Cancer has been studied widely for many decades and is a major part of ongoing research worldwide. During the research a new generation of so-called targeted therapies have been produced to target specific molecular processes that promote cancerous tumour growths. The research lead to development of the drug called Cetuximab which is used to treat head and neck cancers and colon and rectum cancers including large bowel. ...

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Continuous Hot Percolation Process Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,914 Words)

The collected, cleaned and coarsely powdered of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn) was used for the extraction purposes. 1kg of powdered leaves was used. It was then extracted with various solvents from non polar to polar such as Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. The solvents used were distilled before use. The extraction was carried out with various solvents by of hot soxhlet extraction for 72 Hrs. After ...

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Ir Spectral Analysis Of Oxovanadium Acetylacetone Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,466 Words)

Complex will have ligand that will form coordination bond to the metal center by donating lone pairs of electrons to the empty d-orbital of the metal which is similar to the Lewis acid-base reaction. In this experiment, Acetylacetone and pyridine is the ligand will act as Lewis base and will be coordinated to the metal center of Vanadium, V, which is the Lewis acid. Acetylacetone is a ...

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The Functions Of Beta Carotene Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,779 Words)

Unlike supplements, foods rich in beta-carotene pose no lung cancer risk. Synthetic beta-carotene supplements have been found to increase the risk of both colorectal and lung cancer in smokers, especially those who also drink alcohol. A study published by an international team in the January 2004 issue of Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention indicates that beta-carotene consumed as part of whole foods has no such negative effects. ...

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Studying The Rate Of Photosynthesis Using Leaf Disc Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,240 Words)

In this experiment, the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis was investigated by recording the time taken for the leaf discs to float at the surface of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in the beaker. This method is more accurate than to immerse a plant and then count the number of bubbles produced per minute. This is because it is easier to observe the leaf discs ...

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Production And Characterisation Of A Single Chain

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,237 Words)

ABSTRACT The study aimed to characterise His- and Myc- tagged scFv MFE-23 antibodies produced from transformed E.coli cultures using ELISA and immunohistochemistry assays. Anti-His, anti-myc and anti-MFE secondary antibodies were used in the CEA/PBS coated ELISA plate with horseradish peroxidase-OPD chromatic reaction for detection. Culture 1 was identified to produce MFE-His and culture 2 giving MFE-Myc antibodies. The immunohistochemistry assay confirmed the CEA binding profile of scFv ...

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Lokan Or Mud Clam In English Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

18 Pages (6,936 Words)

Lokan or mud clam in English is edible marine bivalves and widely distributed throughout the west indo-pacific region included peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.This large, heavy bivalve formerly known as Polymesoda erosa is found buried in the stiff mud of the landward fringe of mangroves.It is being able to tolerate long periods of low tide, and has the ability to resume filter-feeding rapidly when inundated. This species is ...

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Evaluating biological methods for treating wastewater

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,813 Words)

There are many biological methods for treating wastewater. Among them the most popular processes are suspended growth processes and the boifilm also known as attached growth . Both the above mentioned processes are used to treat wastewater by different mechanisms and variations in their principle of operation for removal of carbonaceous organic matter, nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorous) and production of biorenewable methane. Attached growth or fixed-film ...

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Using Gel Filtration To Study Ligand Protein Interaction Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,208 Words)

The purpose of this experiment is to seperate particles as complex and the other small ones by helping gel exlusion chromotography and calculate affinity as a percent. THEORY Gel filtration chromatography is a method for separating proteins and peptides based on their size.The chromatographic matrix consists of porous beads, and the size of the bead pores. They can define the size of macro-molecules that may be fractionated. ...

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Using Garlic As A Potential Larvicide Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,082 Words)

This experiment was designed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of garlic as the natural larvicide and Abate as the chemical larvicide against mosquito larvae. The effectiveness of the larvicides was determined by the time taken for all the mosquito larvae to be killed. The mosquito larvae were placed in separate plastic cups containing garlic extract and Abate respectively. They were monitored at fixed time intervals and ...

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Compare And Contrast Reproduction In Plants And Animals

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,463 Words)

The reproductive systems in both plants and animals play a vital role in the continuation of a species, as well as for maximum success of the species. Reproduction allows for beneficial alleles to increase in frequency within a gene pool, and aids in removing deficient mutations. There are a number of clear physical differences in the reproductive systems and behaviours of plants, but upon closer inspection, it ...

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Study of animal and human bones

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,878 Words)

Introduction In human and animal body there are more than 200 bones present, including long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular bone. The osteogenic cells, organic matrix and mineral are three major components in the bone. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and the ostocytes cell are osteogenic cells; they involved the bone regeneration process. Collagen and proteoglycan are the main organic component in the bone matrix, they are provides elasticity and ...

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Bioreactors And Use Of Bioreactors In Sewage Treatment Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,847 Words)

Bioreactor has been accepted as multi-purpose tools and has been a great demand. The growing demand can be related to the uses in many ways especially in sewage treatment purpose. The understanding of bioreactor and membrane bioreactor is really important to understand why it is really require for these treatment. Also, the understanding of characteristic of the membrane bioreactor (MBR), which is designed from the combination of ...

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Basic Concept Of Coordination Compounds Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,393 Words)

We live in the world of uncertainty and assumptions, no one can predict the next activity, it may be good or bad but thing is how to tackle bad things? Chemistry is the most power full tool to understand the world at almost every scale may be huge or femtometer scale. Chemistry is closely associated with humans day to day life , it application in medicine is ...

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Fatty Acid Profile Oil Contents Tocopherol on pigeon

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,051 Words)

Pigeons, whose relation with humans traces back to ancient times (B.C. 3000-5000), are seen in almost every geographical region of the world except for the poles. Pigeons live side by side with humans and other animal species in the nature; and they are bred as a source of food, as a hobby, symbol, and for experimental aims (cooper et al.,1984). Pigeons constitute the bird family Columbidae within ...

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Parasitic Plants And Host Relationships Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

14 Pages (5,347 Words)

Survival of one life form is dependent not only on its ability to search and utilize available life sustaining resources but also upon its healthy competition for various such requisites with other life forms belonging to either the same or different species. To facilitate this, different life forms have evolved with special assets of abilities to exist, work and exhibit a tendency to proliferate so as to ...

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Effect Of The Water Intake Pattern Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,034 Words)

Different types of drinking water are available in Makka including Zamzam water. Zamzam water is characterized by a high mineral content. Thus, some urologists recommend that kidney patients not drink this water because it could worsen their health status. This study included 91 apparently healthy adult males with a long-standing pattern of drinking water and living in Makka. They were classified into four groups according to their ...

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advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,800 Words)

Introduction Vaccination or immunization "is a means of providing specific protection against many common and damaging pathogens by stimulating an organism's immune system to either produce humoral antibodies against the pathogen (or toxins produced by the pathogen) or T cells that can provide cell-mediated immunity" (Ghaffar and Haqqi, 2010). Though ancient scientists did mention about prevention of infectious diseases through immunisation, it was Edward Jenner who developed ...

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Genome Shotgun Cloning Of Bacteriophage Lambda Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,115 Words)

A genomic library is a set of recombinant clones that contains the entire DNA of an organism. The "shotgun cloning" method was performed to construct a genomic library of the bacteriophage lambda (ÃŽÂ»). The restriction endonuclease, PstI, was used to cleave the Escherichia coli pUC19 vector and the ÃŽÂ» DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out to prove that PstI digested the DNA successfully. The pUC19 were ...

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The human digestive system

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (948 Words)

The human digestive system is responsible for the intake, breakdown, absorption and finally removal of nutrients and energy needed for the functioning of the human body. It performs these duties by allowing nutrients and energy in the form of food to enter the body, and then removing the materials needed from the food, then absorbing the materials into the body, as well as sending these materials to ...

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The Structure Of Protein P53 Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,575 Words)

Protein p53, encoded by gene Tp53, is known as a tumor suppressor. Discovered in 1979 as a transformation-related protein (DeLeo et al., 1979) and protein which accumulates in the tumor cells binding with simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigens (Lane et al., 1979), p53 was regarded as an important protein in the regulation of an apoptosis and cancerization. During the last 30 years, a large amount ...

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Diagnosed With Non Hodgkins Lymphoma Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,715 Words)

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Lymphoma is divided into two types called Hodgkins lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are a range of diseases emerging from clonal proliferation of lymphocytes which is a type of white blood cells resulting in cancer or tumour formation of lymphatic system.1 An estimated 8,000 new cases of NHL has been diagnosed annually in the ...

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Eyes And Cataract Conditions Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,333 Words)

The eyes are amazing, complex organs of the human body that serve a variety of purposes associated with vision. They are designed to capture images under varying light conditions (Tortora and Derrickson, 2006). There are various eye disorders associated with the eye, one of the most common disorders are cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye. The condition typically develops over a ...

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The Complement System In Immune Systems Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,008 Words)

The firstly disocovered pathway was the classical pathway. It is the most a distinctive pathway as its initiation begins with a pair of antibodies attached to antigens.(Lodish et al. 1007) The antigens may include proteins and polysaccharide membranes.These attached antibodies activate compliment C1. Complement C1 is made of a molecule of C1q bound to two molecules of C1r and two molecules of C1s. This C1 complex is ...

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Use Of Uv Visible Spectroscopy Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,928 Words)

Rate studies kinetics involve the measurements of the change in the concentration of a participant/reactant in the reaction as a function of time. Spectroscopic rate measurements involve the measurements of the fall and rise in absorption of the solution at a particular wavelength. This measurement provides us the information about the change in concentration of either of the reactants or products. UV visible spectroscopy refers to the ...

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Environment Primary Factor That Influences Plant Growth Development Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,422 Words)

Although there is no doubt that the world population grows up in more gradual way every year, demanding more food than any other time before, Environment is the primary factor that influences the plant growth and development and has also the greatest effect on the crop distribution on the earth. In this ten page report, the most important environmental factors that affect the crop growth and development ...

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Food Safety Is An Important Issue Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,184 Words)

Food safety is an important issue. The trust of consumers, food safety and quality, and this will be they expected to. Consumers also expect to be able to provide the information; you can help them make informed decisions about the composition of the food, this information, whether it is on the product label or by advertising, not false or misleading. Food safety is a discipline describing handling, ...

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Fungal And Bacterial Amylase During Starch Breakdown Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,743 Words)

The lab conducted focused on examining the effects of temperature on the ability of fungal and bacterial amylase to breakdown starch to maltose, and determine the temperature at which these two amylases work best, which is known as optimal temperature. The experimental part of the lab consisted in setting up the utensils that were going to be used during the actual experiment. During this section test tubes ...

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Effect Of Temperature On Immobilisation Of Pectinase Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,933 Words)

The use of a catalyst is to lower the required energy level for a reaction to take place, the activation energy. This means less energy can be put into a reaction, saving money, making it an economically viable solution for a business with its primary aim being making money. Catalysts are also reusable if used in the correct state (one that can be separated from our product ...

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Next Generation DNA Sequencing Technologies Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,070 Words)

Motivation: Recent technological advancements in the field of genomics have resulted in Next Generation DNA Sequencing Technologies. These technologies have created hype among scientists since they enable cheap and faster sequencing of the DNA as compared to traditional methods. Data Analysis, Genome sequencing and alignments have now become easier due to the NGS. NGS are gaining the market day by day and there is a fierce competition ...

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Experiment Staining Of Microorganism Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,711 Words)

The aim of this experiment was to differentiate between Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria by Gram staining method. In addition, this experiment allowed us to visualise the morphology and arrangement of the bacterial cell. Approach (to achieve aim): In this experiment, two different staining methods were employed, the monochrome staining method and the Gram staining method. The monochrome staining method is a direct stain that stains ...

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The Roles Of The Nervous System Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,599 Words)

The nervous system plays an important role in the smooth functioning of the body and is a complex network of cells which transmits signals through the body. The signals are transmitted by the brain, so if someone wanted to catch a ball their brain would transmit a signal to their hands to reach and catch the ball and are specialized in certain function. These cells communicate with ...

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SWOT Analysis Of Calf Fattening And Modifcation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,030 Words)

Calf fattening is all-inclusive activity, related to meet animal's care, housing, medication, feeding and management. It is defined as all those aspects and activities relating to raising of calves for meat purpose. Before making the decision, whether to invest in the livestock farming or not, one should carefully analyze the associated risk factors. A SWOT analysis can help in analyzing these factors, which can play important role ...

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The Cell Adhesion Practical Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,463 Words)

The extracellular matrix consists of many polymeric proteins and polysaccharides that are assembled into an organised meshwork. The extracellular matrix in our own bodies can be found as connective tissues such as bone and tendon. In animals the extracellular matrix forms a structure called the basal lamina. Basal lamina is a thin, tough, flexible sheet of matrix molecules and is essential in underpinning all of the epithelia. ...

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Healthcare services in Iran’s hospitals

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,519 Words)

Overview of treatment sector in Iran: Iran's healthcare and treatment sector has made rapid progresses in recent years. It has changed to a US$ 1.7 billion industry and is growing with an annual growth rate of 13% a year. The healthcare industry in Iran expected to grow in size of Rls 27,000 billion by the end of 2012. The healthcare industry employs over nine hundred thousand people, ...

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What are the cardiovascular effects of cocaine abuse?

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,141 Words)

Chest pain, the most common complaint of cocaine users presenting to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department, could be caused by many cocaine-induced cardiovascular complications Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction is the most common cardiovascular complication of cocaine use and can occur even in first-time users Cocaine has contrasting effects: an indirect stimulating effect on the autonomic nervous system whilst simultaneously having a local anaesthetic effect, which causes problems ...

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Importance Of Recombinant Proteins For Therapeutic Applications Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,627 Words)

Recombinant therapeutic proteins produced in Mammalian cells represent a major class of the Biopharmaceutical industry. The Biopharmaceuticals produced by these proteins are mainly used for medical applications. Most recombinant proteins in this category are thus complex molecules that need to be post translationally modified for their full biological activity. Since post translational modifications are being effectively done in mammalian cells they have become the preferred hosts for ...

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Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,558 Words)

In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group .In organic chemistry, the electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions are of main importance. Organic substitution reactions are classified into depending on whether the reagent that brings about the substitution is considered an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or ...

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Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,825 Words)

Nanomedicine is a wide field of nanotechnology which involves almost all fields of science like nanoscience, nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanoengineering and many more. Generally we can say that it is the practical application or the medical application of different materials at nanoscale to several nanoelectronic devices. These devices can be used in different applications of medical treatments. Current advancements shows that possibly these nano devices will bring revolutionary ...

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Pharmacognostic Investigation And Quality Control Of Crude Drugs Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (3,829 Words)

Microscopical examination and pharmacognostic evaluation of phyto drug may not apparently bear any direct co-relation with pharmacological and phytochemical evaluations. One should always remember that botanical identity of the phyto drug is an essential pre-requisite for undertaking the analysis of medicinal properties of any plant. If botanical identity of drug happens to be doubtful the entire phytochemical and pharmacological work on the plant becomes invalid. Thus the ...

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Abo And Secretor Blood Group Genetics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,588 Words)

The secretor factor (Se) might be considered either a physiologic trait or an honorary blood group. The individual who is a so-called secretor has demonstrable ABH blood group antigen in the saliva and other body fluids; the nonsecretor does not. Secretor is dominant. Genetically independent of the ABO blood groups is the secretor system which comprises two allelomorphic genes, (Se) which causes secretion in saliva and other ...

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Role Of Water Soluble Vitamins In Poultry Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

11 Pages (4,173 Words)

The vitamins are a very important class of the nutrients. They play various important roles in the life cycle of any living-being. The absence or deficiency of the vitamins in poultry causes serious problems. The water soluble vitamins are very important sub-class of vitamins. In the poultry which can not synthesize these vitamins in their body these should be provided in the diets means these are dietary ...

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Symbiotic relationships in nature

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,406 Words)

Symbiotic Relationships in Nature The word symbiosis can be broken down into syn, meaning with, and biosis, meaning living. From those meanings, the definition of a symbiotic relationship can be inferred. It is an intimate and sometimes long-term interaction between two different biological species. Symbiotic relationships can be broken down into three categories of relationships. The three categories are mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. The three categories ...

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Osteomyelitis Etiology Pathogenesis Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,241 Words)

Osteomyelitis presents as an infection of the bone that is caused by different forms of bacteria. The infection of the cortical and medullary bone can often lead to distinct forms of necrosis, formation of new bone, and obliteration of the bone in its entirety. (3) It is a disease that can cause morbidity. Cases are usually based on a causative agent, the infections duration, the anatomy of ...

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Blood pressure and heart rate in humans

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,912 Words)

Introduction: Blood pressure is the measurement of arterial pressure as a result of the contraction and relaxation of the heart. The pressure upon the contraction of the heart is normally defined as the systolic pressure while the pressure upon relaxation is referred to as the diastolic pressure. Both are measured in milliliters of mercury (mm Hg) and are most important in measuring a healthy blood pressure. The ...

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Acute Tonsillitis Chronic Ulcerative Colitis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,362 Words)

Katharine Buzzbee is a pleasant young girl of 9 years old. She was brought to the health center with complaints of sore throat with difficulty swallowing. Her mother states that Katharine has had similar symptoms three separate times this year. The illnesses begin with irritation in the throat that progress to pain. The pain radiates to her ears and she generally develops a fever during the course ...

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Treatment Of Archival Materials To Prevent Deterioration Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,746 Words)

Unfortunately, the condition of collections tends to deteriorate due to a combination of elements such as: inadequate and careless use and handling of the documents; badly controlled environmental conditions; and inappropriate storage. Moreover, many modern materials are less durable (e.g. paper and bindings manufactured after about 1850, manuscripts, photographs). A good preservation policy must guarantee access to the information and minimize document deterioration. Thus, preservation is a ...

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Anatomy Of Large And Small Intestine Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,111 Words)

The small intestine is the only part of the gastrointestinal tract that is essential for life. It serves a neuroendocrine function, a digestive function (propulsion, mixing and absorption of food), and a secretory function. The liver, gallbladder and pancreas are accessory organs of the digestive system that is closely associated with the small intestine. The villous surface improves absorption by increasing the overall surface area. In addition ...

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Brain Evolution in the Human Species

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,430 Words)

Hominid evolution is marked by a very significant increase in relative brain size. Because relative brain size has been linked to energetic requirements, it is possible to look at the pattern of encephalization as a factor in the evolution of human foraging and dieting (Foley et al., 1991). Major expansion of the brain is associated with the Homo species rather than the Hominidae as a whole, where ...

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A Variety Of Antibiotics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,315 Words)

Antiseptics/Disinfectants and antibiotics are used on a regular basis in the health care profession. A variety of antibiotics have been tested and they act by several ways in order to inhibit bacterial growth or kill the bacteria. Antiseptics/disinfectants contain a variety of active ingredients including haloalkanes, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) and Phenols. The antimicrobials used in both experiments display broad spectrum activity. The information on the mode ...

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Using Beers Law To Verify Laws Of Electrolysis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

14 Pages (5,545 Words)

My research question "How can Beer's law be used to verify Faraday's First law of electrolysis and to determine Avogadro's number and Faraday's constant by electrolysis of 1.000 mol dm-3 copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution using graphite electrodes?" is an indirect question to the investigation. I was always interested in verifying laws and learning about interdependence between laws. I was so keen in finding how that how the ...

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The comparative genomics

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,575 Words)

ABSTRACT The rapidly emerging field of comparative genomics has yielded dramatic results. Comparative genome analysis has become feasible with the availability of a number of completely sequenced genomes. Comparison of complete genomes between organisms allow for global views on genome evolution and the availability of many completely sequenced genomes increases the predictive power in deciphering the hidden information in genome design, function and evolution. Thus, comparison of ...

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Literature Review Laundry Wastewater Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,770 Words)

Laundry is the process to make sure that cloths are washed and cleaned again after it being used and become dirty. A product that included of laundry is usually like detergents, bleaches, builders, and metal chelating agents. Laundry wastewater contain in sewage. It releases large amounts of chemicals into wastewater. Toxic chemicals in this substance are surfactants, chlorine, organic peroxides, phosphates, alkalis, and glycol ethers. 2.1.1 Detergents Detergent ...

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Causes And Symptoms Of Anaphylaxis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,122 Words)

Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction (1) in the response of immune system, or life-threatening allergic reaction. It is more harmful than any other allergic reaction. In severe cases, it can result in complete airway obstruction, shock, even, death. It is an unpredictable condition. A substance that produces an allergic response is called an allergen. The most dangerous symptoms of anaphylaxis are low blood pressure, breathing difficulty ...

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Radiographic Examination Of The Chest X Ray Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,700 Words)

The use of different technical factors is required to contribute to the image quality. These are; selection of exposure factor, focal spot selection, the scatter management and the beam geometry involved. It is important to use the correct technique and consider all other factors including patient anatomical characteristics, patient orientation and also radiation safety. All the above will allow the image produced to be used for accurate ...

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Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,238 Words)

Hydrocarbons are compounds made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Alkanes are parent compounds of all organic compounds and only composed of single bonds (C-H and C-C bonds). The linear (non cyclic) alkanes have a molecular formula of CnH2n+2. Alkanes that are cyclic (ring structure) are called cycloalkanes. For every ring that is present, there ...

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Types Of Connective Tissue Disorders Diseases Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,533 Words)

Connective tissues are among the most widely distributed and abundant tissues in the body (Volk, 2010). These tissues are involved in many functions among which are providing shape and mechanical support of cells, modulation of cell migration, nutrient transport within and between cells, cell growth and differentiation. The basic components of connective tissue are ground substances, fibrous components and migrating cells (Connective Tissue, 2010). The fibrous component ...

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A Blood Brain Pharmacokinetic Model Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,876 Words)

Pharmacokinetics, an emerging field in BioPhysics and chemistry is the study of the time variation of drug and metabolite levels in various tissues and fluids of the body. Compartment models are used to interpret data. In our problem, we consider a simple blood-brain compartment model as shown in the figure below: k21 Input d(t) k12 K where, Compartment 1 = Blood Compartment 2 = Brain This model ...

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The warburg effect is the seventh hallmark of cancer

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,759 Words)

There are more than 100 distinct types of cancer and subtypes of tumors detected within different organs. A variety of cancer cell genotypes are results of manifestation of six essential alterations in cell phenotypes that express malignancy: self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals, evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis), limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis and tissue invasion and metastasis. Hanahan and Weinberg discussed the ...

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The Ethics Of Xenotransplantation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,514 Words)

Xenotransplantation is the procedure where live cells, tissues or organs from an animal are implanted, or infused into human patient. There are four different categories of xenotransplantation procedures which include; 1) Solid-organ xenotransplantation; where the source animal organ such as kidney or liver is completely transplanted into a human, 2) cellular and tissue xenotransplantation; where the transplantation of tissues and cells to the recipient happens without surgical ...

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Chemical Processes In Wine Making Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (2,827 Words)

Produce one bottle (750ml) of high quality wine by the controlled fermentation of the fruits of the Marula (Schleracarya birrea) tree. Name of wine produced by myself, Thomas Hulett, Jarryd Putter and Duncan Roberson was Chateau de Soleil. The name means the "Place of the sun". Since Mpumalanga means place of the rising sun, we thought it would be an appropriate name of our wine. Since we ...

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The Hardy Weinberg Theorem In Genetics Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,573 Words)

Introduction The Hardy Weinberg Theorem is a mathematical formula that allows allele and genotype frequencies in a population of diploid or polypoid individuals to be interrelated, where the frequency of one allele is represented as p, and the frequency of the other is represented as q (the sum of which = 1.0). The sum of the different genotype frequencies (homozygotes and heterozygotes) also equates to 1.0. Where ...

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Beta Blockers Properties Of Propranolol And Atenolol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,333 Words)

Abstract This essay reports the properties of propranolol (lipophilic β1-selective blocker) and atenolol (hydrophilic β1-selective blocker) in the point of view of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and physical chemistry. It is observed that their pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties are different, but its physicochemical properties are relative close. Introduction to β-blockers The β-blockers are drugs which act by blocking the effect of mediators and agonists on the relevant receptors. The ...

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The Method Described By Lorke Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,644 Words)

The method described by Lorke with slight modification was used to determine the safety of the MEA. Briefly, normal healthy male mice were divided into groups of five mice in each cage. MEA (100 and 1000 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administered. Access to food and water, toxic symptoms and the general behavior of mice were observed continuously for 1 h after the treatment, intermittently for 4 ...

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Digital Signal Processing In Fields Of Biomedical Sciences Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,497 Words)

Digital Signal Processing is concerned with the representation of signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing is a branch of the science of the signal processing. The other branch of the signal processing is Analog Signal Processing. DSP includes the areas of signal processing like: audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array ...

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Patient With Severe Ankylosing Spondylitis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,035 Words)

This case shows a 45 year old male patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis that occurs at the lower back of the body. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and also the sacroiliac joints, which can be located between the sacrum and iliac bones1. The sacrum bone is located right above the tailbone whereas the iliac bones ...

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Restriction Digestion And Ligation Plasmid Vector Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

18 Pages (7,018 Words)

A 1357.5 μg/ml pure sample of Vibrio fischeri chromosomal DNA, previously isolated, purified and quantified, was digested using Sal I. Upon digestion of the chDNA and the pGEM vector, ligation reactions with varied ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 were prepared. The four ligations varied in the amount of chDNA inserts present for ligation. To determine the success of both of the restriction digestion and the ...

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Hepatitis C Virus Infection Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

9 Pages (3,575 Words)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health burden throughout the world (Alter and Seeff, 2000; Lauer and Walker, 2001). It is considered to be the most common blood borne infection in the U.S. with an estimated 4 million HCV infected individuals in the U.S.(Recommendations for prevention,1998), and 180 million people are estimated to be affected by HCV globally (Davis et al., 2003; Rosen, 2011). ...

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Aerobic And Anaerobic Examination Of Samonella Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,636 Words)

The genus Salmonella belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. As the name implies, Enterobacteriaceae is comprised of bacteria that proliferate in the intestine. Salmonella is a gram- negative flagellated rod- shaped bacterium. Salmonellae are facultative anaerobes with both respiratory and fermentative metabolic pathways. They are oxidase negative, ferment glucose and produce acid and gas, grow on citrates as a sole source of energy, decarboxylate lysine and ornithine, generally ...

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Enteral Feeding After Gastro Intestinal Resection And Anastomosis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,817 Words)

Optimum nutrition has always been a major target of post: operative care. Ileus is a common phenomenon after abdominal surgery.therefore early oral feeding is avoided and nasogastric decompression is being used1. Conventionally, post abdominal surgery, the passage of flatus, or bowel movement was the clinical evidence of starting an oral diet. The end of post operative ileus based to be taken by the passage of flatus usually ...

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Gulf Oil Spill Impact On Environment And Species Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,780 Words)

An oil spill is when any form of oil or petroleum is released into the environment, whether on land or in a marine environment. There are many ways that this can happen. One way is when crude oil is deposited into ocean waters illegally in order to avoid spending extra money to decompose the oil. Another way is when natural disasters like hurricanes and tornadoes cause oil ...

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Endosymbiotic Theory And Eukaryotic Cell Evolution Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

12 Pages (4,476 Words)

Modern eukaryotic cells were originally believed to have arisen directly from a single prokaryotic ancestor through serial mutation and the process of genetic drift. However, much evidence has lead scientists to believe that eukaryotes are the result of a merger between an aerobic prokaryotic cell, a relative of modern ÃŽÂ±-proteobacteria, that became incorporated by a host archaeon. This is referred to as the endosymbiotic theory. Over the ...

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Role of Kidney in regulation of water balance

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,770 Words)

Water is a vital molecule for the human body. Approximately 98% of the human body is made up of water. Human beings cannot survive if their water content decreases below 12%; hence the homeostasis of water is an important mechanism. Water has many important functions in our body. Water acts as a transport medium in blood and secretion e.g. in digestive juices, tears. Water is a good ...

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Foodborn Disease Hepatitis A Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,050 Words)

Foodborn diseases is originally caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that people consumed from contaminated food or water. The National Foundation for Infectious Disease reported that as many as 80 million people are infected every each year in the United States of America(Kalli Harrison,2010). Some types of foodborn disease could be mild while some can be so severe which may lead to death. One of the most ...

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Synthesis Of Aspirin And Oil Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,194 Words)

Esterification is the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols to produce esters. Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid was formed by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride while Methylsalicylate was formed from salicylic acid and methanol, both in the presence of H2SO4 responsible for the removal of -OH to form an ester and donates H+ to protonate the salicylic acid. The reaction mixture in the synthesis of aspirin should ...

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Examining Vanillin And Its Properties Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

13 Pages (4,999 Words)

Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an important flavoring agent mostly used in beverages, pharmaceutical industries, food products, etc. Naturally present as a vanillin glucoside in vanilla pods and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of some drugs. Vanillin possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In the past, production of vanillin is very expensive and a very long process. Vanillin was obtained from the oxidation of lignin, or from ferulic ...

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Pregnancy Outcome In Patients With Minor Beta Thalassemia Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,941 Words)

thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in Iran and more than 2 million carriers of the thalassemia mutant gene are living in this country. Material&method: In this retrospective, case-control study, all pregnancies occurred between 2006 and 2008 were included. Patients were divided in two groups regarding the presence of ÃŽÂ²-thalassemia. Patients in case and control groups were matched according to maternal age, gestational age and number ...

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Lymphatic Filariasis Elephantiasis Disease Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,151 Words)

Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease that is on the World Health Organization's (WHO) top ten list of diseases to eliminate by 2020. Left untreated and undetected, it can lead to a condition called Elephantiasis. The name comes from the severe swelling of the limbs that occurs during the chronic state of the disease. It is transmitted via mosquitoes to humans in tropical and sub-tropical climates and it ...

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Biology Of The Aging Process Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

16 Pages (6,358 Words)

Context The approach of population pharmacokinetics uses covariates for dose individualisation of patients. Currently chronological age is used as a common covariate. However, chronological age may not be a good indicator of actual aging. For example a person of 90 years may be very healthy whereas a person of 60 years may be biologically much older and might be near his death. This intrigues us to think ...

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A Look At Electromagnetic Waves Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

15 Pages (5,760 Words)

The Aim of the project is to investigate the properties and the propagation characteristics of the electromagnetic wave and microwaves. Since the past few years, there has been an increase in public concern about possible health risks from electromagnetic waves emitted by electronic devices. The first step necessary for an assessment of the potential risks is to investigate the effect of the presence of human bodies on ...

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Drug Discovery Process Of The Bio Pharmaceutical Industry Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,354 Words)

The development of new pharmaceutical products is a long, expensive and uncertain process. It takes an average of 10 to 15 years for a new drug to move from the discovery phase into the marketplace, and the average cost for the development of a new drug is approximately $800 million. Out of 6000 compounds initially screened, only 6 are selected to move onto clinical trials, and out ...

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The Ways Of Conducting Electricity Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,051 Words)

After the invention of electricity by Michael faraday many scientists studied the ways of conducting electricity. It was in the middle of 18th century scientists thought about using liquid as a medium of conducting electricity. IN 1808 Sir Humphrey Davy conducted electricity using potassium solutions in ammonia. The experiments were to show the electrical conductivity of liquids, but the reason for this was not explained in his ...

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The Chemiluminescence Of Luminol Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,314 Words)

Chemiluminiscence is the process whereby light is produced via a chemical reaction with the evolution of little or no heat. Chemiluminescence, unlike phosphorescence and fluorescence, does not need to absorb an external source of photons to reach an excited state. Instead chemiluminescence occurs when a molecule is excited through a series of chemical reactions. The molecule, usually in the lower excited singlet state, can spontaneously lose its ...

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Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,895 Words)

The cell cycle describes the sequence of events that occurs during the life of most eukaryotic cells. It spans through mitosis and cytokinesis,( together referred to as the M phase), then through interphase (G1, S, and G2.) Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material, DNA, to two daughter cells. It consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material ...

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Biodiversity And Its Conservation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

22 Pages (8,648 Words)

With all the existing knowledge, Earth is like no other place in the entire universe. For among the countless stars, moons, asteroids, and other bodies arrayed across the vastness of outer space, only our tiny planet is known to support life. And some form of life is everywhere: on the slopes of high mountains and on the floors of the oceans, in scorching deserts and at the ...

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Paracetamol Physical And Chemical Properties Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

6 Pages (2,362 Words)

Paracetamol is poorly soluble in cold water, but more so in hot water. One part of paracetamol is soluble in 70 parts of water at room temperature, and 1 in 20 parts in boiling water. The aqueous solubility is elsewhere reported as 14.7 mg.ml-1 at 20°C, 14.3 mg.ml-1 at 25°C and 23.7 mg.ml-1 at 37°C. [iii] It is soluble in methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, ethylene dichloride, acetone and ethyl acetate. ...

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Using Batch And Continuous Cultures Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,368 Words)

Microbial growth causes an increase in a microorganism's size and population number and can be studied using batch and continuous culture mediums (Lansing M. Prescott et al. 1990, 1993, p. 112) Batch cultures: Nutrient consumption and build up of toxic by-products slow down and stop the growth of bacteria. One method to avoid this is to use batch culture system. This involves culturing bacteria in liquid medium ...

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Study of White Blood Cells

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

3 Pages (1,030 Words)

Often times, our bodies are attacked and battered by infections, diseases, bacteria, and other foreign materials which can cause great harm to our organs and bodily functions. Fortunately God has designed us with a strong and efficient system of defense. Our immune system. Among our many forms of defense within the immune system are the leucocytes, or white blood cells. They act as the body's guards by ...

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History of ECG and pulse oximetry

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

10 Pages (4,000 Words)

In this chapter, we will discuss the history of ECG and pulse oximetry, the timeline and variations through time of the concepts used. We all also discuss the types of pulse oximetry and the electronics used with their requirements. 1.1 History of ECG The history of ECG is very wide, dating back to the 1600 with William Gilbert (that introduced the electrica concept for objects holding static ...

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The Use Of Histamine In Hypersensitivity Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,671 Words)

The aim of the experiments was to investigate the drug/receptor occupancy theory and also show that the similar effects of histamine could be produced by carbachol through acetylcholine receptors after inhibition of histamine receptors. The selection of the ileum was advantageous because the tissue could be used over and over before damage and also the abundance of histamine in the gut (Ganellin and Parsons, 2006). The choice ...

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Efficacy Of Garlic And Ginger On Blood Sugar Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,702 Words)

Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale are vegetables used for seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies as they hold insulinotropic properties playing significant role in maintaining ÃŽÂ² cells helpful to lower blood glucose level in diabetes. Both are also siginificant in lowering blood lipid levels. The experimental trial of 4 week is planned to investigate the comparative effect of ginger and garlic on blood sugar level and ...

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Nanobots The New Nemesis Of Cancer Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,133 Words)

The term nanotechnology will be one which would be widely used in the near future. It is in the leading position in comparison to futuristic nanotechnologies e.g., surgical nanomachines in terms of extensive research, application and products in pipeline. Nanotechnology is popularly known as the science of small or scientifically can be described as the technology to develop materials and structures of the size range from 1 ...

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Breast Cancer Gene Mutations Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

4 Pages (1,551 Words)

Breast Cancer affects nearly 1 in 4 women in the United States each year. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Breast cancer is a form of cancer that originates in the tissues of the breast. Using the latest technology researchers have determined that there is a specific line of genes linked to breast cancer, breast cancer (BRCA) 1 and BRCA 2 genes. ...

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The Rise And Fall Of Vioxx Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

5 Pages (1,625 Words)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a type of drugs that can be used as pain killers. Nowadays, other pain killers such as paracetamol are more widely used, as they have fewer side effects, and cost less. However, NSAIDs are mostly used in conditions which cause inflammation. It may take from a few days to more than three weeks to show their anti-inflammatory effects. They are specifically used to ...

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Basic Operation Principle Of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

23 Pages (8,847 Words)

Microstrip antennas are used in various applications and these are used extensively because of light weight, conformability and low cost. These antennas can be incorporated with printed strip-line feed networks and active devices. This is a relatively innovative field of antenna engineering. The radiation properties of micro strip structures have been recognized since the mid 1950's. The application of this type of antennas started in early 1970's ...

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Bronchial Asthma Introduction And Case Study Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

7 Pages (2,652 Words)

1-Abstract: Introduction: Bronchial Asthma as a chronic and non -stable disease needs more attention to control the symptoms and to prevent exacerbations. Asthma exacerbation can be triggered by different factors. Each patient has a different cause of exacerbations, and different management plan that must be tailored according to his medical history and triggering environmental factors around him Objectives: In this case, we will study peak flow meter ...

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The Zeta Potential Of Different Liposome Formulation Biology Essay

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015

8 Pages (3,056 Words)

Empty and drug loaded liposomes were prepared with different lipid compositions and by different methods. These liposomes were analysed as this types of liposome have particle size in the range needed for aerosol delivery and delivery of drug to the deep lung deposition. In order to interpret which parameters are significant for the preparation of liposomes that can be used for such applications, eight different lipid membrane ...

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