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Effects of Radiation in Corn

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,093 Words)

The Mutagenic and Developmental Effects of Radiation in Corn (Zea mays) Barrun, Neil Benedict Z. Institute of Chemistry-College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of radiation at 0, 10, 30, and 50 krad were observed in the germination and development of the corn plant (Zea mays) for almost 5 weeks with each of the ...

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Prevention Strategies for E.Coli

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,308 Words)

a) As the snack food is made from meat, there are four types of bacteria that will possibly contaminate it which are Escherichia.coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus,and Listeria monocytogenes (FSIS, 2015). Escherichia.coli is a bacterial that is usually present in the intestines of humans and animals. Although, most of them are harmless as they play an important role in the intestinal tract of a healthy individual. However, ...

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Functional Genomics and Proteomics

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,597 Words)

Title: Proteomics has four branches that include sequence and structural proteomics, expression proteomics, interaction proteomics and functional proteomics. Provide one example for each branch and describe them briefly. Siti Shawati binti Wasli Introduction With the accomplishment of the Human Genome Project, the prominence is escalating to the protein compliment of the human organism. This has ...

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Effect of Increased CO2 Emissions on Plants

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,359 Words)

There is an increase in CO2 emissions caused by the industrial revolution and increasing number of factories. The high amount of emission causes a rise in free CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in air. The effect of this increase on the ecosystem and plants is a subject of curiosity which has led to scientists trying to understand the effect of elevated [CO2]. The first experiment was made by ...

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Processes of Mitosis and Meiosis

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,542 Words)

Ismenia Panti Growth and Development September 9, 2014 Meiosis and Meiosis Introduction Meiosis and Mitosis are both a type of cell division. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells while meiosis occurs in gamete formation. The main purpose of mitosis is for growth and repair damage cells. Meiosis deals with gamete formation also known as the “sex cells”, to increase varitation. In mitosis the cells ...

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Pathogenicity of Salmonella spp

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,805 Words)

Goh JiaYeen Introduction The isolation of Salmonella from a swine suffering from hog cholera was first reported in 1885 by Daniel E. Salmon. This isolated bacterium was first named as Bacillus cholerasuis, which is currently known as Salmonella enteric serovar Choleraesuis (Bhunia, 2008; Li et al., 2012). Salmonella is known to be an important cause of a foodborne illness, known as salmonellosis, in humans ...

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PCA Analysis for Breed Conservation

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,609 Words)

CHAPTER REVIEW OF LITERATURE Global Animal data bank for genetic resources documents more than 14,017 breeds of domesticated livestock species in over 181 countries. However, this is underestimations of indigenous farm animals of developing countries are yet to be documented (FAO, 2011). Hall, (2004) studied the two stage process to develop the enormous livestock biodiversity. 1) Domestication and 2) breed differentiation. Both theses stages involved genetic ...

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Causes of Bee Population Decline

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,987 Words)

Joanna Tyson Unit 3 assignment. A look at the reasons for the decline in the bee population and what can be done to arrest and possibly reverse the situation. Why do we need bees? Bees are absolutely essential to humans, without their help many crops would fail. They pollinate crops by transferring pollen grains between the anther (male germ cell) and the stigma ( ...

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Plant Adaptation to their Environment

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,257 Words)

Hanin Al-geizi Plants require four simple things to live; water, warm temperature, light, minerals and most places that consist partly of these vital requirements, will be hospitable environments for plants. The most important environmental factors to which plants must adapt are water availability, temperature change, sunlight, soil conditions and predation. For any plant to thrive and survive, each of these factors is vital, ...

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Influence of Climate Variability on Marine Ecosystems

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,384 Words)

Large variability in populations of small pelagic fish species have been observed in global oceans (Watanabe 2009). The flexibility in reproductive features of the spawning stock combined with environmental induced fluctuation in survival rate of offspring and overexploitation, can be the major reasons for such large variability in stocks of these species (Ganias 2009) and relation between large scale climate alteration and these fluctuation known as ...

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Effect of Caffeine on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,416 Words)

Isobel Burton Explore the Effect of Drinking 171mg (approx.) of Caffeine (Coffee) a Day on the Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure of Healthy Women. Abstract In this investigation into the effect that drinking 171mg of coffee a day has on the diastolic and systolic blood pressure of healthy women it became clear that the majority of women did not experience any increases of blood ...

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Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) for an Antibiotic

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,460 Words)

Dhayalini Yoginthran Antibiotic resistance is something that has been growing in the world, some might even say that we are entering or have already entered a post antibiotic world. It is currently one of the superior concerns in the 21st century, especially in regards to pathogenic microorganisms. Throughout the years, research had allowed for the development of first line antibiotics that were efficacious against ...

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Development of Tuberculosis Treatment

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,781 Words)

Tuberculosis, one among the socio-economic burdens in the developing countries including India, is primarily found to be associated with poor hygiene, malnutrition and impaired immune system. The multiple drug resistance in the causal organism i.e., Mycobacterium spp., long term drug regimen induced hepatotoxicity/ renal toxicity and HIV pandemic are other compounding factors to aggravate the situation, hence need to be addressed on top priority. Therefore, in ...

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Engineering Stem Cells Using Genome Editing Technology

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,721 Words)

What are stem cells? Stem cells are cells which has the ability to develop or differentiate into different cell types of the body during early stage of life and it can be differentiated into three types which are embryonic stem cells (ESCs), adult stem cells (ASCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These cells are important to renew old tissues and repair any damaged tissues in ...

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Behaviors of the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii)

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,752 Words)

Lydia Roush Abstract Three crayfish of varying size and color were captured and examined in a fish tank for 10 hours. Aggressive, subordinate, feeding, and cleaning behaviors were recorded for each crayfish. Crayfish 1 was found to be the largest and most aggressive individual. Crayfish 2 attempted aggressive behaviors with Crayfish 1 and Crayfish 3, and ate the most food. Crayfish 3, the smallest crayfish, had the ...

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Regulators of Chromosome Condensation

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,908 Words)

Introduction Being studied in great detail, cell cycle is a highly complex and regulated process. It is also one of the most critical steps in the life span of a cell and the accuracy with which this process is carried out has a great impact on the existing cell and the fate of resulting daughter cells upon its completion. Based on how crucial the process is, ...

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Dictyostelium as a Predictive Model for Bitter Tastant

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,282 Words)

Developing Dictyostelium as a Predictive Model for Bitter Tastant Identification INTRODUCTION Bitter tastant (emetic) research utilises a variety of animal models for the identification of the emetic susceptibility of novel compounds and aim to characterise the underlining mechanisms that give rise to emesis. There are two categories of animals used in this type of research, those that have the ability to vomit (ferrets, dogs and cats), ...

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Features of Homeostasis

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,666 Words)

SABRINA PACE-HUMPHRES – HOMEOSTASIS, CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROL OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM UNIT TITLE: Homeostasis, Co-ordination and Control and the Excretory system What is homeostasis? (100 words) Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of many of the body’s regulatory processes. The body strives to maintain balance and therefore is constantly adjusting. Homeostasis is dynamic in this ...

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Origin of Life Theory: Deep Sea Vents

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,328 Words)

Assess one hypothesis of the origin of life: Life may have emerged from deep sea vents Introduction Fossil evidence confirms that life on Earth existed at least 3.5 billion years ago (Orgel 1998). This rapid appearance of life is considered to be a remarkable event after the late heavy bombardment 100 million years before, which had the potential to destroy any possible habitats suited to living organisms ...

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Neural Stem Cells and Induced Neurons: Nerve Injury Repair

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,552 Words)

Keywords: nscs and ins for neural repair Yi-Chao Hsu1, Su-Liang Chen2, Tai-Yu Hsu2,3 and Ing-Ming Chiu2,3,* Running title: NSCs and iNs for Neural Repair *Corresponding Author: Ing-Ming Chiu, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, Tel: 886-37-246-166 ext. 37501, Fax: 886-37-587-408, E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: cell therapy, neural stem cells, FGF1, induced neurons, peripheral ...

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Adjusted Prognosis Analysis (APA) for Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,488 Words)

Establishment of adjusted prognosis analysis (APA) for initially diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center Methods. This retrospective analysis included 837 patients with initially diagnosed brain metastasis from NSCLC in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, China, from 1994 to 2011. Cox proportion hazard model was used to analyse survival. Factors analyzed included patient characteristics, disease characteristics and treatments. ...

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Treatment and Prevention Strategies of Anaerobic Infections

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

6 Pages (2,266 Words)

Anaerobic Bacteria Lean Hendrik Swanepoel INTRODUCTION: Anaerobic infections; these common infections are caused by the most common, natural occurring organism found in and on the human body – anaerobic bacteria. In their natural state they are harmless, and only cause infection as a result of injury or body trauma. The infections commonly ...

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Effects of Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Rate of Spinach

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,462 Words)

Title An investigation on the effects of varying light intensity on the photosynthetic rate in Spinacia oleracea (spinach) leaf slices. Introduction Like many molecular processes, the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis may be influenced by certain factors. These include, but are not limited to, light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and the presence of photosynthetic inhibitors. Light, in photon form, plays a pivotal role in the light-dependent reactions. ...

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Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) for Cervical Screening

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,721 Words)

KHADIJA MAKDA [Explain the basis of Liquid-based Cytology (LBC). Include in your essay reference to the automation of LBC and to the national cervical screening programme.] Explain the basis of Liquid-based Cytology (LBC). Include in your essay reference to the automation of LBC and to the national cervical ...

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MiRNAs and Genes in CIN

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,234 Words)

Identification of miRNAs and genes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using bioinformatic analysis Running title: miRNAs and genes in CIN Highlights: Total 21 feature miRNAs and 361 feature mRNAs were identified. PBX1 and LAMC2 play important roles in the CIN. MiR-338-5p, miR-193a-5p and miR-216b were hub nodes in miRNA–mRNA regulatory network. Abstract Aim: The objective of this study was to predict potential target genes and ...

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Rennet Production in Cheese

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,866 Words)

TOPIC - Rennet Production PRESENTED BY - NAMRATA KAMBLE INTRODUCTION Rennet is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes (tissue and gastric enzymes) - rennin (chymosin) and pepsin, obtained from gastric mucous membrane of young ruminants [1]. These are the coagulating enzymes used in cheese production, but rennet is widely used. It is the oldest method of producing cheese. Rennin is present in its prorennin form with ...

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Analysis of GATA3 ChIP-seq in the Four Cells

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

13 Pages (4,908 Words)

Analysis of GATA3 ChIP-seq data in A549ã€ÂMCF-7ã€ÂT-47D and SK-N-SH cells Highlights: 1. There was 4839 common GATA3 target genes among the four cells 2. The common GATA3 target genes were mainly enriched in pathway related with cancer. 3. The GATA3 target genes were identified, including ER1, FOXA1, AKR1C1 and LGALS1. 4. “GAT” motif was significantly enriched in the four motif of GATA3 binding site. Abstract: Objective: ...

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Phytochemical Analysis of Abutilon Indicum

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,117 Words)

INTRODUCTION In spite of use of all available means of plant fortification, a propos 1/3 rd of the yearly harvested food commodities of the world is destroyed by the pests and the loss due to this is expected to be nearly 6000 corers per annum. Speedy along with effective organization of plant diseases in agriculture merchandise is usually achieved by the use of artificial pesticides and ...

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Effect of Increasing Irradiation Dosage on Corn Growth

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,997 Words)

The Effect of Increasing Irradiation Dosage on the Rate of Growth and Germination of Corn (Zea mays L.)1 Amarie S. Aguirre ABSTRACT The effects of mutation induced by irradiation to plants were determined. A plot with four hills of plants was planted and three hills of plants were exposed to radiation, 10 krad, 30 krad and 50 krad respectively. The height of the plants ...

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Direct Compression to Create Paracetamol Tablets

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,309 Words)

Objective: To formulate Paracetamol Tablets using Direct Compression (DC) method. Introduction: Direct compression is the most simple and economical method used in tableting. Excipients are added to the active pharmaceutical ingredient which is then thoroughly mixed before compression to form tablets.1 In wet and dry and dry granulation, there is no pre-treatment of the powder required. 2 In this method, it is easier to process due ...

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Macromolecules and Key Biological Principles

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

10 Pages (3,815 Words)

Mollie Hilton TAQ1: 1) This particular sequence has been formed from the DNA strand by the first stage of protein synthesis, transcription. The RNA polymerase enters the nucleus, attaches to the DNA and begins transcription of nucleotides from the TATA box downstream, 5 prime to 3 prime. The polymerase opens and closes the complimentary base pairs of the DNA as it travels, copying codes ...

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Vampire Squid From Hell

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,652 Words)

He Liu Vampire squid from Hell Introduction The vampire squids are like from out of a midnight science fiction film. They have a gelatinous form and two big fins on its body likes their ears. The blue or red eyes are really big compared to their small body. The vampire squid is a glowing creature, the body is covered with luminous organs, which ...

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Investigation and Comparison of International DNA Databases

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,576 Words)

Anita Burke Introduction: What is a DNA database?? A DNA database is a databank of information comprised solely of DNA data. DNA profiles are held electronically in the database and this is of huge benefit to individuals working in the areas of genetics, forensics and genealogy. A national DNA database is a government database of DNA profiles against which law enforcement agencies can match ...

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Synergistic Effects of Adina Rubella Hance and Taxol

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

9 Pages (3,425 Words)

The synergistic effects of Adina rubella Hance combination with taxol on Lewis Pulmonary Carcinoma bearing in Mice Running title: synergistic effects of Adina rubella hance and taxol Highlights The synergistic effects of Adina rubella Hance combination with taxol were found. Their combination synergisticly inhibited tumor growth. Their combination synergisticly inhibited angiogenesis by reducing the level of VEGF. Abstract: Objective: The purpose of the ...

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A Report on Cerebral Autoregulation

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (2,930 Words)

From: Biose Ifechukwude Joachim Introduction Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is the multifactorial vascular mechanism that maintains a constant cerebral blood supply in spite of fluctuations in the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (Lassen, 1959; Tiecks et al., 1995). This mechanism thrives for CPP values within the range of 50-150 mmHg (Lassen, 1959; Paulson, Strandgaard and Edvinsson, 1990; Panerai, 1998) (Fig. 1). The vascular response involved in CA is ...

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Monarch Butterflies Wing Morphology and Migratory Behaviour

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,528 Words)

Primer for use with “Populations of Monarch butterflies with different migratory behaviors show divergence in wing morphology” SUMMARY: This study aims to evaluate the correlation between wing morphology of monarch butterflies and their migratory behaviours which are classified by Altizer et al. (2010) in three categories according to the distance travelled by monarchs during their annual migration (long-distance migration, short-distance migration, and nonmigratory monarchs). By collecting ...

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Umami Taste Receptors: Essay

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

4 Pages (1,520 Words)

KANKSHA MISTRY INTRODUCTION We have always known the existence of four basic tastes; sweet, salty, sour and bitter. However there is a fifth taste, which is not well recognized and that is ‘UMAMI’. It was first discovered by Kikunae Ikeda, a Japanese scientist. He believed that the flavor of meat, fish, seaweed broth; was due to some unknown compound which was different from the four primary ...

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Food Requirements of Dogs

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

7 Pages (2,764 Words)

INTRODUCTION Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the most popular pet species in Britain, excluding fish (PFMA, 2014), and as such there are a wide variety of stakeholders in dog welfare, ranging from the owner and veterinarian to insurance companies and animal welfare charities (Buckland et al., 2013). The pet food business is a multi-million pound industry which aims to produce adequate foodstuffs for pets in terms ...

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Growing of Bacteria on Sheep and Rabbit Blood Agar

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

8 Pages (3,057 Words)

3 Materials and methods 3.1 Bacterial collection 3.2 Growing of bacteria on sheep and rabbit blood agar For the detection of hemolytic properties the collected field strains and the reference strains of genera Arcanobacterium and Trueperella were comparably cultivated on both sheep and rabbit blood agar. The components of the blood agar (base) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)* was as follows: Nutrient substrate (heart ...

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Levels of miRNAs, miR-194, 29b Markers for Colorectal Cancer

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

3 Pages (1,200 Words)

Circulating levels of the miRNAs, miR-194 and 29b, as clinically useful biomarkers for colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported as the fourth common cause of cancer mortality around the world with considerable health burden (1). Early stage diagnosis of the disease by noninvasive approaches could lead to effective treatment and better consequences (2). In this regard, microRNAs (miRNAs) in a few biological samples may ...

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Hip Joint Rotation Range of Motion (ROM) in Adults

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,718 Words)

Critical Evaluation of Article Summary. To update the available data, P. Kouyoumdjian et al. in the ‘Clinical evaluation of hip joint rotation range of motion (ROM) in adults’, hypothesised that there was symmetry in the hip joint rotation ROM and the results showed no change with regards to patient’s position. 120 healthy Caucasian adults, between 20-60 years old, have been evaluated for external rotation (ER) and ...

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Nutritional Value of Organic Foods

Published Date: 17 Jan 2018

5 Pages (1,904 Words)

So Kit Lun ABSTRACT As the international market's demand for organic food is increasing, the health benefits and risks of organic product have raised many much controversy. Today, mainstream literature believe organic foods, especially fruits and vegetables contain higher levels of vitamin C while lower levels of pesticides and nitrates. However, some current reports show that actually there are no different between organic ...

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Focal Infection - The Source of The Pathology

Published Date: 01 Aug 2017 Last Modified: 07 Dec 2017

3 Pages (1,074 Words)

Authour: Jose Leo Lavigne, M.D. - Brazil Abstract Focal infections (IF) are define as the infections that are limited not only to the dental arch, for an example granuloma, as well as the oropharynx, for an example the chronic tonsillitis. Those, from a point of view, based on 50 years of study are responsible for the immune system imbalance and, consequently, for the triggering of ...

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Effect of Ph Level and Hydrogen Peroxide on Catalase

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,482 Words)

The investigation was carried out to determine how different ph levels and hydrogen concentrations, affect the activity of catalase in potato during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen. Different variables (independent, dependent and controlled) were put into consideration during the laboratory session to find out how much oxygen was produced. The test was carried out, using potato as a source of catalase and ...

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Broiler Cockerel Production In Semi Intensive System

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

9 Pages (3,247 Words)

Every year billions of egg-type cockerels are produced in the world. The associated breeding industry has become prosperous for egg-type cockerels in terms of meat flavour compared to fast-growing-type broilers. Many researches have been carried out to evaluate the nutritional requirements of broilers; conversely, little research has been performed on the nutritional factors of egg-type cockerels. At present, most diets formulated are uneconomical for the producers of ...

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Effect of Colief Infants Drops Lactose on Intolerant Babies

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,922 Words)

Lactose, which is a disaccharide naturally found in milk and dairy products, supplies about 40% energy needs for human babies. However, due to a lack of lactase enzyme in the digestive system, lactose cannot be broken down in the small intestine and then will ferment in the large intestine, producing lactic acid and hydrogen gas. This results in severe discomfort, cramps, bloating, wind, and diarrhoea. Lactose intolerance ...

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Effect of Cooking Methods on Vitamin C

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

9 Pages (3,588 Words)

Abstract This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of various cooking methods on vitamin C concentration in vegetables. Iodine-starch complex was used to titrate against standard solution of vitamin C to obtain a standard graph of vitamin C. Iodine-starch complex was used to titrate against vegetable (yellow Capsicum anuum) juice samples after boiling, steaming and baking in oven. Concentration of vitamin C in vegetables after cooking ...

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Sordaria Fimicola Crossing Over Lab

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,655 Words)

ABSTRACT: The objective of this lab was to study and test the sordaria fimicola fungus crossover by determining what color it will yield during meiosis; a cross over that will be between the wild type and the mutant alleles. My hypothesis for this experiment is that all the mutant allele will appear in the final results because at the final phase if meiosis, the mutant allele is ...

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Pest Control Methods in Rice Production

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

7 Pages (2,640 Words)

As a cereal crop, rice has become the staple food for most human population in Asia, including Malaysia. Rice is a commodity that paramount importance in people uses every day. Rice, Oryza sativa L., belongs to the Poacea family. In Malaysia, it is grown in the Peninsular and on Borneo Island. About 300 500 hectares in Malaysia Peninsular and 190 000 hectares in Borneo Islands are devoted ...

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Extracting DNA From Fruit in Various Stages of Ripeness

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

10 Pages (3,889 Words)

INTRODUCTION This life science based experiment will test strawberries in their various stages of ripeness, in order to see which stage will yield the most extractable DNA. An extraction kit will be designed from common household items, such as salt and detergent, in order to purify the DNA so that it is visible to the naked eye and can be weighed. Three degrees of strawberry will be ...

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Blastocystis Hominis and Colorectal Cancer

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

11 Pages (4,216 Words)

Blastocystis hominis (B.hominis) is the most common unicellular protozoan parasite that is found in the human gastrointestinal tract (Windsor et al. 2002). The prevalence of B. hominis in both developed and developing countries is reported to be up to 10% and 50% respectively (Wong et al. 2008; Stenzel and Boreham. 1996). On the other hand, B. hominis shows a diverse morphologies which include vacuolar, granular, amoeboid and ...

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Immunotherapy of Cancer With Monoclonal Antibodies

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,657 Words)

Immunoglobulin's are mainly useful in developing antibodies to the antigen which entered into the body and creating immunological disturbances are been lysed. Similarly, Monoclonal antibodies are useful in treating the cancer which is developed from monoclonal hybridomas. These monoclonal antibodies or hybridomas are produced by fusion of antibody producing cells with non-immunoglobulin tumors cells for lysing the cancerous cell. It can lyse or kill the tumors cells ...

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Benefits Of Bioindicators

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

14 Pages (5,242 Words)

Bioindicators, also known as biomarkers, are tools that used in ecology, physiology, environmental microbiology and other disciplines, to detect strain and other environmental conditions surrounding organisms. USEPA stated that biological indicator species are unique environmental indicators as they offer a signal of the biological condition in a watershed as they reveal the pollution status from time to time. The presence of this species can give an early ...

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Investigation Into Gammarus Pulex Population

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

14 Pages (5,473 Words)

The aim of this experiment was to discover whether the presence of vegetation affected the abundance of the species of freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex. To do this an experiment was carried out involving samples taken from a variety of vegetated and non-vegetated areas. The abundance of the species in each environment was measured and compared and found to be statistically significant. Freshwater shrimp do prefer vegetated areas ...

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Description of Taiwan Napier Elephant Grass

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,271 Words)

Pennisetum purpureum particularly Taiwan Napier or elephant grass is a perennial forage crop with high growth rate, high productivity, good nutritive value and mostly used for cut and carry system over the tropical and sub-tropical area of the world (Cook et al., 2005; Wadi et al., 2004). It have been used widely as fodder grasses, these are the grasses that have been shown to be most adaptable ...

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Role of Biomolecules in the Human Body

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

7 Pages (2,716 Words)

Complex organic compounds which governs the common activities of living organisms are called as biomolecules. Living systems are made up of various complex biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. In addition to that some simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of organisms. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES: CARBOHYDRATES: Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a ...

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Medical Applications of Nanobubbles

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

11 Pages (4,213 Words)

Echogenic bubble formulations have wide applications disease diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, nanobubbles were prepared and the contrast agent function was evaluated in order to study the nanosized bubble's property for ultrasonic imaging. For this purpose Coumarin-6 as a model drug was loaded into nanobubbles to investigate the drug delivery potential to cells. The results showed that the nanobubbles composed of 1% of Tween 80, and 3 mg/ml ...

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Drug Interaction Between Phenytoin and Statins

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,077 Words)

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All sources evaluated were published in English and included original case reports, letters, and medical record or database reviews that described an interaction between phenytoin and statins or a specific statin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Primary and tertiary literature describe the decreased efficacy of specific statins secondary to the concomitant use with phenytoin. Limited evidence exists for monitoring patients' phenytoin and cholesterol. However, increased ...

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Isolation of Pathogenic Microorganisms

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,686 Words)

Food handlers with poor hygienic conditions working in motels, hotels, restaurants and road side food vendors in and around Vellore could be the potential source of infection due to presence of different pathogenic microorganism in or on their body. We conducted a test to detect the pathogenic microorganisms in the nail sample of 17 food handlers. The nail samples were examined for the presence of different pathogens ...

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In vitro Pharmacodynamic Infection Model (IVPM) Analysis

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,081 Words)

'Drug resistance follows the drug like a faithful shadow' said by Paul Ehrlich. For the major classes of known antibiotics resistance has developed within few years from the time of clinical introduction of the drug. Sulphonamide resistance was reported in 1939, streptomycin resistance in 1946 and penicillin resistance in 1946 (G. J. Ebrahim, 2010). Bacterial resistance can be innate or acquired. In innate resistance, a bacterial species ...

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Recrystallisation Process of Aspirin

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

7 Pages (2,631 Words)

To familiarize themselves with the preparation of some simple organic compound and to purify the compound by Recrystallisation. This experiment also enables students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce the skills of Recrystallisation and also the technique of melting point determination. By the end of the experiment, one should have acquired the skills to use Recrystallisation to purify solids. Procedure This experiment is mainly broken into ...

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Acid-alkaline Extraction Experiment

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,869 Words)

Phenolic compounds undergo similar salt formation with sodium hydroxide solution. Hence, a sodium hydroxide solution can be used to extract a carboxylic acid or phenolic compound from its solution in an organic solvent, or conversely, an organic solvent can be used to remove organic impurities from a carboxylic acid or phenol dissolved in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate likewise convert carboxylic acids to their ...

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Daniell Cell Construction and Working

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,278 Words)

JOHN FREDRRIC DANIELL, a British chemist & meteorologist, was the inventor of the daniell cell. He invented it in 1836. He wanted to eliminate the hydrogen bubble problem which is found in the voltaic pile, and his solution was to use a second electrolyte to consume the hydrogen produced by the first. The Daniell cell was a great invention over the existing technology used in the early ...

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Secretors and Non-secretors Disease Susceptibility

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

12 Pages (4,429 Words)

Human population can be categorized into secretors and non-secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of presence or absence of these blood group antigens in the body fluids and secretions, such as saliva, sweat, tears, semen, serum, mucus present in the digestive tract or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors are individuals that secrete blood group antigens in their body fluids while non-secretors are the individuals ...

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Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

15 Pages (5,936 Words)

Drugs acting in CNS were among the first to be discovered by primitive humans and are still the most widely used group of pharmacologic agents. In addition to their use in therapy, many drugs acting on the CNS are used without prescription to increase one's sense of well being. The mechanism by which various drugs act in the CNS have not been clearly understood. In last three ...

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Zoonotic Diseases: An Overview

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 05 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,599 Words)

Zoonotic diseases are animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Transmission can be by ingestion, inhalation, bites, scratches, contact with contaminated products, and vector-borne. There are over 200 zoonotic diseases that can possibly threaten your health and involve several different causative agents, such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and others. I am only going to inform you of just a hand full that is caused by bacteria ...

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Computer Simulation of Action Potential in Squid Axon

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

7 Pages (2,586 Words)

Please use this proforma to record your data. You should aim to complete the experimental part and answer all the questions before you leave. Please show your completed pro-forma to one of the demonstrators before leaving so that they can check with you that you can answer all the questions. This will form also be available as electronically on studynet. You can use the electronic form to ...

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Activity of Amylase - Temperature and Ph

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,709 Words)

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ACTIVITY OF A-AMYLASE ENZYME IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND PH Alpha amylase is an enzyme. It specific binds with water and starch. It hydrolyses starch and glycogen to give glucose and maltose. It acts on the alpha bonds of polysaccharides. Because of the specificity of the enzymes activity the structure of the enzyme must be precise. Any factor which will cause denaturation of ...

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Image Quality and Signal to Noise Ratio

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

7 Pages (2,560 Words)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that uses intense magnetic fields to make images of the inside of the body. Generally, the magnetic resonance (MR) image quality depends on the effect of MRI parameters on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) which is often calculated using samples taken from reconstructed image that will enhance image quality. Ogura, Miyai, Maeda, Fkutake and Kikumoto (2003) state that the ...

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Genetic Investigation of Corn

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,461 Words)

According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, phenotypic ratios may be influenced by dominance of one allele compared to another. The alleles separate when an organism produces gametes via meiosis. This experiment investigated INTRODUCTION In order to conduct this experimental, Mendel's laws of inheritance were to be studied in order to understand genetics. Mendel's first law (the principle of segregation), is where two alleles of a homologous pair ...

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Alzheimer's Disease Causes and Symptoms

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,925 Words)

ABSTRACT : Alzheimer's Disease is a neurological disease majorly characterized by "decline in the brain function" and "memory loss". The disease involves mainly three stages. Different chemical factors and possibly genetic factors are responsible for causing the disease. Symptoms can be treated by provision of the sufficient supplements to reduce the risk of the disease. Techniques are also available for the treatment and detection which are being ...

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Dengue Fever and the Immune System

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

11 Pages (4,041 Words)

Dengue virus cause variable range of dengue shock syndrome with fatal dengue varies from undifferentiated. Because of the increasing incidence and geographical distribution of dengue in the past 50 years, dengue has become increasingly recognized as one of the main infectious diseases in the world. This research will study the aspects of immune system and dengue. Also offers the importance of dengue virus infection and discusses the ...

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Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,693 Words)

Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the replacement, repair or restoration of injured tissues. This field emerged from the need for reconstruction in children and adults in whom tissue has been damaged by diseases, trauma and congenital anomalies. Stem cell research is a promising field with an alluring potential for therapeutic intervention, and thus begs a critical understanding of the long-term consequences of stem cell ...

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Food Processing Strategies for Quality

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

20 Pages (7,894 Words)

Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Similar processes are used ...

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The Chemistry of Pheromones

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

9 Pages (3,435 Words)

The first pheromone was identified in 1953. This pheromone, called BOMBYKOL is secreted by female moths and carried a "come to me" signal to males. This signal can travel large distances and is effective at low concentrations. The mammalian pheromone system was more difficult to understand because mammals, far from having the simple stereotyped behaviour of insects, have complex and independent behaviour. Mammals were found to detect ...

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Enzymes Effects on the Rates of Chemical Reactions

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (984 Words)

Enzymes increases the rates of chemical reactions by providing a reaction pathway with a transition state free energy barrier lower than the uncatalyzed reaction (i.e. by lowering the free energy barrier that separates the reactants and products). The diagram below shows the reaction coordinate. (a) Enzymes catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions only in relationship with small cofactors, which act like their chemical teeth. Cofactors may be ions like Cu2, ...

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Synthesis of Metal Acetylacetonate Complexes

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

8 Pages (2,825 Words)

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is useful for identifying types of chemical bonds in an organic or inorganic molecule such as its functional group by producing an IR (infrared) absorption spectrum. FTIR can be used for qualitative analysis for known compound and quantitative analysis for unknown compound that is either in solid, liquid or gaseous state. However, FTIR alone is insufficient to identify an unknown compound. Though, ...

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SIR Model of Epidemics - Investigation

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

9 Pages (3,585 Words)

Epidemic is applied to a disease which, spreading widely, attacks many person at the same time. Epidemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. When an epidemic exists, it will affect many human populations. There were many factors to simulate the rise of epidemics such as poor population health, immigration and failure of public health programs. According to the world health organization appeared, disease should have ...

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Asthma Causes Effects and Prevention

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,530 Words)

Asthma is a chronic disease caused by the inflammation of the respiratory tract. It is characterized by obstructions in the airflow and bronchoplasm, shortness in breathing, tightness of the chest, coughs and wheezes. Furthermore, its prevalent rate is higher among children in crowded inner-city places or among homeless children. Statistics have indicated that there is a rise in the rate of diagnosis especially among children below the ...

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History of Soap and Detergents

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

14 Pages (5,510 Words)

Soap is integral to our society today, and we find it hard to imagine a time when people were kept sweet-smelling by the action of perfume rather than soap. However, the current widespread use of soap is only a very recent occurrence, despite the fact that it has been made for more than 2500 years. The first recorded manufacture of soap was in 600BC, when Pliny the ...

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Examining Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

12 Pages (4,709 Words)

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a generic term for techniques used for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil well. Using EOR, 30-60 % of the reservoir original oil can be extracted compared with 20-40% using primary and secondary recovery techniques. Enhanced oil recovery is also called improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery. This improved extraction is achieved by gas injection, ...

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The Importance of Colorimetry

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,855 Words)

In physical and analytical chemistry, colorimetry is a technique used to determine the concentration of solution. It is widely used in biochemical estimations. A substance estimated by colorimetry, must be either colored or more commonly, capable of forming chromo genes, through interaction with suitable reagents. The instrument known as colorimeter or photometer is in fact, an absorptiometer, since it is the amount of light absorbed, which is ...

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Migraine Headaches: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,385 Words)

A migraine headache(1) is a type of vascular headache.it is caused by Vassodillation.In it release of chemicals from nerve fibers occurs which coil around the large arteries of brain. Sympathetic nervous system is usually activated by migraine attacks, which controls responses that cause pain and strees. The oral medicine which are taken to treat migraine headaces,their impaired absorption is a main reason for the ineffectivness of medicines.Migraine ...

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Separation of Proteins Investigation

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,352 Words)

The main reason for protein purification is to isolate a protein of interest from the rest of the contaminants, so its conformation (structure) and other figures can be studied. This has always been fundamental to many biochemical experiments. Once require region of cellular protein is established, the protein is then liberated into solution and separated from contaminating materials. This is done by sequential use of different fraction ...

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Salt Concentrations on Germination of Seeds

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,527 Words)

Through my research, I decided to use rye, oats and barley seeds because due to the increasing salinity problems, there would be future food shortages due to global warming damaging crops and the increasing human population. The seeds were treated with different salt concentration solutions of sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphates and bicarbonates. A Chi Squared test was done to find the relationship between each of ...

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Mortality Rate of Cryptococcus Neoformans

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (859 Words)

Compare the mortality rate of C. neoformans in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa. Do they differ? Provide an explanation for any discrepancy observed. Mortality due to cryptococcosis in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa One of the most severe complications of C. neoformans infection is cryptococcal meningitis. It accounts for 720,000 estimated cases and 504,000 deaths yearly in sub-Saharan Africa, 100 cases and 9 deaths in the Oceania region ...

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Digestive System of the Pig

Published Date: 23 Feb 2017 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

24 Pages (9,568 Words)

Chapter 4: The digestive system of the pig Learning objectives: After you have studied this chapter, you should: 1. Get a fundamental understanding of the porcine digestive tract 2. Describe the essential digestive processes 3. Understand the role of the digestive organs in digestion and absorption 1 Introduction (HNL/MSH) 2 Anatomy of the digestive system (HNL) The anatomy the porcine digestive tract has been described and illustrated ...

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ECOSISTEMAS DE AGUAS CONTINENTALES

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

2 Pages (636 Words)

ECOSISTEMAS DE AGUAS CONTINENTALES Los ecosistemas de aguas continentales son los que se encuentran en los continentes y han perdido toda su salinidad por evaporación (ya que, al pasar a estado gaseoso de ellas, se separa cualquier sustancia sólida como la sal) por ello, además de ser potables tienen un sabor dulce para el ser humano que las puede distinguir de las aguas saladas de los océanos. ...

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Effects of Particle Sizes on Lactose Diluents

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

6 Pages (2,272 Words)

Powder size and flow properties are crucial in dictating the quality of manufactured capsules in terms of weight variation and content uniformity. The aim of this experiment was therefore: To assess and investigate the effects of different particle sizes of lactose diluents on their flowability which was measured by the angle of repose and percentage compressibility of the coarse and the fine lactose diluents and how this ...

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Annotated Bibliography on Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,274 Words)

Marsano et al., 2003, reported that Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious and potentially fatal outcome caused due to alcohol usage. ALD encompasses three conditions mainly fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The diagnosis and management of this disease is important for decreasing the mortality. For accurate diagnosis of ALD new bio marker or idenififier proteins are being investigated. There is no specific therapy for ALD ...

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Microevolution to Macroevolution

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

4 Pages (1,422 Words)

Evolving: Microevolution to Macroevolution There are many changes that the earth undergoes. Microevolution, a small change in the gene frequency of a population, is one of these changes that scientist have explored. Evolution at this scale can be observed over short periods of time. Theses changes are due to factors such as natural selection of genes, new populations are genes mixing with genes, gene mutation, and genetic ...

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Overview of the Origins of Life Initiative

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (908 Words)

Although many people believe that Charles Darwin was the father of evolution, in fact he only published twenty-five (25) words on the subject on how life began. They were: “Probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was breathed.” (On the Origin of Life on Earth, 198) Darwin's theory was that life emerged ...

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Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Humans

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

23 Pages (9,158 Words)

Antimicrobial peptides Introduction Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gene-encoded peptides of the host defence system made up of 12-50 amino acids, with at least 2 positive charges conferred by lysine and arginine residues and about 50% hydrophobic amino acids (Hancock and Scott 2000). They are produced from gene transcription and ribosomal translation and often, further proteolytically processed (Zhoa 2003). The peptides are folded so that non-polar amino ...

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Familial Hypercholesterolemia Inheritance

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (903 Words)

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by high cholesterol levels, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and an increased risk of having a heart attack early in life (MEDPED 2009). Heterozygous FH is a common condition which occurs in 1 in 500 people. FH is an inherited disorder, you are born with it or your not (Citkowitz 2009). FH was the first inherited disorder ...

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Methods of Food Prservation

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (1,143 Words)

Introduction Food is an organic substance once eaten provides human body with the required energy. Food is mostly organic in that it contains carbon and hydrogen molecules and degenerates over time. Food once exposed to air undergoes reaction which is normally referred to as degeneration. Scientists have observed that, if left unattended, food provides a perfect breeding site for micro-organisms. These micro-organisms which include bacteria and fungi ...

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Human Skin Pigmentation Processes

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

3 Pages (924 Words)

Human skin pigmentation can be regulated by various physiological factors such as hormones, peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and also by the -melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) via the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC-1R) pathway. A further factor believed to have a regulatory mechanism in human skin pigmentation is a key enzyme known as tyrosinase. Melanocytes also have a role in determining and regulating the human skin pigmentation. Melanocytes form two types ...

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Food Waste - Types and Causes

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

16 Pages (6,134 Words)

1. Introduction The aim of the research study is to make an overall analysis of food wastes, its various types and their causes, composting and different processes involved, various methods and techniques practiced in different countries, and overall benefits and advantages/disadvantages of food waste composting. There are mainly two broad categories of food waste viz., organic food waste arising due to human consumption at home, restaurants and ...

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Pagets Disease of Bone - Causes and Treatments

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

5 Pages (1,818 Words)

Paget's disease of the bone, also known as Osteitis Deformans (Paget 1877) is a chronic inflammatory condition that results in the proliferation and softening of the bone that may affect any or all parts in the skeleton (Mann, 1990). It is characterised by increased bone remodelling, bone hypertrophy and abnormal bone structure. It is rarely present before the age of 55, therefore is found in increasing prevalence ...

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Mendel's Genetic Laws - Principles

Published Date: 03 Oct 2016 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

8 Pages (3,114 Words)

Q1: Deoxyribonucleic acid, more known as DNA, is a genetic material that exists in all living organisms. Within DNA there is a short segment that involves genes, and these genes are what have been passed down from parents to their children. A gene is a specific order of nucleotides producing pieces of a chromosome that are conveying information from parents to their offspring, and is held ...

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Animal Biotechnology in Developing Countries

Published Date: 23 Mar 2015 Last Modified: 04 Dec 2017

10 Pages (3,613 Words)

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: APPLICATIONS, RISKS AND ETHICS TO BE CONSIDERED ABSTRACT In majority of the developing countries, the application of biotechnology associated to livestock has to be appropriate for the animal owners who lack resources and who have small land and few animals. Livestock is becoming highly necessary for the developing countries in terms of economic growth, healthy life style and socio-economic objectives. Livestock ...

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