The Impacts Of Geraniol

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

DOI: 10.5897/IJMMS12.xxxx

ISSN 2006-9723 ©2012 Academic Journals

Full Length Research paper

The impacts of geraniol on some metals in kidney of

rats against oxidative stress exposed by hydrogen

peroxide

Mehmet Güneş1*, Ahmet Orhan Görgülü1, Habibe Özmen1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Firat University, 23200 Elazig, Turkey. E-mail:

[email protected].

Accepted 16 November, 2012

In this study, the effectiveness of geraniol, a terpene-derived compound, against oxidative stress has been investigated at trace element level in kidney tissue of rats exposed to oxidative stress by administering H2O2. In our study, 24 male rats were divided into 4 experimental groups of 6 animals each. The experimental groupings were control (K), H2O2 (H), geraniol (G) and H2O2 + geraniol (H+G). 50 mg/kg of geraniol and 20 mg/kg of H2O2 were injected intraperitoneally every other day for a period of 30 days. Fe and Ca levels were observed to increase in the H group compared to all groups (p < 0.01). Levels of Ca and Fe in combination groups were found to be near to K group. Zn and Mn levels in H group were lower than in other groups (p < 0.01). Zn and Mn levels in combination groups were near K group owing to effects of geraniol. The difference of Cu and Mg levels among the groups were found as not significant (p > 0.05). As a result, the substance of geraniol in the kidney tissue of the rats in which we induced oxidative stress by giving hydrogen peroxide were seen to suppress the oxidative stress through exhibiting favorable effect at metal levels.

Key words: Geraniol, oxidative stress, kidney, rat.

INTRODUCTION

In a study by Madankumar et al. (2011), it was stated that geraniol was protective in controlling lipid peroxidation and damaging effects of ROS by enhancing the activity of cellular antioxidants enzymes, there by protecting organism from the damage of cellular. (Madankumar et al.,2011). Tiwari et al. reported that the geraniol had powerful several pharmacological activities ( such as antioxidant activity and anticancer potential) (Tiwari et al., 2009; Manoharan and Selvan, 2012). Even though essential minerals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg and Se) are participated the protective antioxidant enzymes, they are not antioxidants (Khanzode et al., 2004; Akiibinu and Arinola, 2006). Trace metals (such as iron ) are known as causative agents in extreme generation of free radical that can cause direct oxidative damage to erythrocytes (Widad et al., 2003; Ghone et al., 2008). In a study by Halliwell and Gutteridge (1984), the effect protective of trace elements in the during oxidative stress was stated.

The reactive hydroxyl is also an over oxidizing reactive radical and are involved in damage to nucleic acids, membrane lipid peroxidation, and may react with some structures (Aydemir et al., 2006; Gutteridge 1986).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals

HNO3 (65%), HClO4 (60%) and of H2O2 (30%) were obtained from Merck Chemical Company. Geraniol (98%) was obtained from

Sigma Aldrich.

Laboratory animals

Male Wistar albino rats used in the experimental study were supplied from Firat University Medical School Experimental

Table1. Kidney tissue levels of trace elements (ppm) (n = 6).

Groups Fe Cu Zn Ca Mn Mg

K 38.50±207a 3.57±0.19a 14.49±0.90a 75.58±5.15a 1.33±0.09a 60.34±2.19a

H 50.43±2.87d 3.65±0.28a 11.39±0.73b 85.42±5.19b 0.95±0.08c 56.44±2.75a

G 41.37±2.91a 3.51±0.16a 15.84±0.98a 76.98±4.81a 1.36±0.06a 62.09±4.57a

H+G 45.65±2.78a 3.79±0.20a 13.38±0.90 a 82.33±3.54 a 1.30±0.12a 58.67±3.19a

a, b, c, d: represent statistical differences in identical columns (P < 0.01).

Research Centre (FÃœTDAM) and experimental study was

performed in the same place. The temperature of the environment

where laboratory animals were kept was held stable in the range 22

to 25°C and the animals were monitored for 12 h under light and 12

h in dark. During experimental studies, a total of 24 four-months-old

wistar albino male rats weighing 260 g (260 ± 40 g) in average were

used. Criteria specified by National Institutes of Health (NIH) with

respect to animal rights were strictly followed during the experiment.

Four groups, namely K, H, G and H + G groups were created in the

experiment. Corn oil was given to K group. 50 mg/kg of geraniol

and 20 mg/kg of H2O2 were administered to the rats. H2O2 solution

was administered following its preparation in distilled water.

Geraniol was administered after it was prepared in corn oil. Corn oil

was also given to H group as standard. Above mentioned

compounds were intraperitoneally injected to rats every other day for

a period of 30 days. At the end of 30 days, the rats were

decapitated and their kidney tissues were removed by surgical procedure and allowed to stand at -20°C until analysis.

Solubilizing kidney tissue samples

1.5 mL of HNO3 and 1.5 mL of HClO4 were added to 0.4 to 1.0 g of

kidney tissue samples and they were allowed to stand for 3 h; then,

following administration of 2 mL of H2O2, solubilization procedures

were carried out in closed system polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)

containers in a micro-wave oven. Digestion program in micro-wave

oven was applied as 5 min at 250 W , 10 min at 800 W , and 5 min at

450 W. The resultant clear mixture was completed to 10 mL with a

solution of 0.1 M HNO3 (Çiftçi et al., 2009). Same methods were

applied also for blank solutions not containing any tissue.

Analyzing kidney tissue samples

Kidney tissue samples were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) through calibration

curve method provided that each group is tested separately, and dilution was performed for were performed for analyzed for Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg and direct reading was performed for others. Mn analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software. Comparison between the groups was performed by Variance analysis (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was performed to compare the results from different groups. Results are expressed as means ± standard error. Statistical significance was accepted (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

Halliwell and Gutteridge demonstrated that metals are take an important task in the direction of excessive increase of oxidative stress under physiological stress. Some transition metals (such Fe and Cu) have been working as a strong oxidation reagent which leads to the formation of free radicals in the organism (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1990). The levels of trace element in kidney tissue are shown in Table1.

Fe level in H group was observed to increase in kidney tissues compared others groups (p < 0.01). The level of Fe in the groups of H+G decreased according to H group. It is believed that excess H2O2 was increased oxidative stress, increase amount of iron storage in the body.This can cause oxidative damage to proteins, membranes and genes. (Ponka et al., 1998; McCord, 1998). In a study by Razazadeh and Athar (1997), in skin tumorogenesis tissue samples obtained with 7,12-dimethylbenz-[a]anthracene (DMBA) in mice, very high iron levels were observed. Iron plays an important role in oxidative stress, forming hydroxyl radicals, a potent reactive oxygen species. The disequilibrium of brain iron metabolism is an important causes of damage of neuronal cell damage (Guo et al.,2009; Ke et al., 2007). Iron is at toxic level interact with superoxide radical to produce extremely harmful hydroxylated free radicals (Poli, 1993; Akiibinu and Arinola, 2006).

We observed that Zn level in H group was decreased compared to K group (P<0.01). It was found out that in the case of group H+G, Zn level was proved to be close to the Zn level in K group as a result of the effect of geraniol. Zinc deficiency causes increase in lipid peroxidation and free radical in cell structure (Coudray et al., 1993). Some transition metals (such as Mn and Zn ) are important co-factors in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase) (Preedy et al., 1998; Akiibinu and Arinola, 2006).

In our study, it was determined that Ca level was higher in groups that applied H2O2 than in K group (P<0.01). It was observed that Ca levels of combination groups relatively dropped compared to the H2O2 group due to the effect of geraniol. In a study by Çiftçi et al. (2009) it was stated that Ca level was lower in (7, 12-dimethylbenz-[a]anthracene) DMBA administered subjects than in the control group and oxidative stress of lipoic acid

caused a positive effect on Ca level by increasing it. Enzymes, which are active on calcium enzymatic antioxidant defense system as a result of increasing of the level of free calcium in the organism is activated. The organism of calcium increases due to excess production of free radicals. (Orrenius et al., 1992).

As a result of kidney tissues analysis, level of Mn in

H group was lower than in K group (p<0.01). From

our results, it was determined that Mn level in H+G group

were near K group owing to effect of geraniol. Mn as part of the metalloenzyme are participate to biological (such as respiration, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, antioxidant activities) processes (Andrieu, 2008; Tomlinson et al., 2004). Mn as an intravenous potent free radical scavenger protect cells against damage. Mn have strong antioxidant activity (Singh et al.,1992). Studies have indicated that Mn lack in mammals leads disorders in mitochondrial structures, which might be due to reduced Mn-SOD activity resulting in increased level of lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant effect (Borrello et al., 1992). The difference of Cu and Mg levels among the groups were found as not significant (p>0.05).

DISCUSSION

In the case of group H+G, high Ca (P < 0.01) and Fe (P <

0.01) levels were shown to decrease and approach to Ca

and Fe levels of control group due to the effect of

geraniol. We believe that geraniol eliminates high Ca and

Fe level that has increased as a result of oxidative stress.

Levels of zinc (P < 0.01) and manganese (P < 0.01)

decreased in H group in case of comparison with K

groups. We observed that in the case of group H+G, Zn

and Mn levels were proved to be similar to that in control

group. We think that in general, geraniol reduces harmful

radical effect of H2O2 and plays a major role in

maintaining Zn and Mn levels. As a result, the

substances of geraniol in the kidney tissue of the rats in

which we induced oxidative stress by giving hydrogen

peroxide were seen to suppress the oxidative stress

through exhibiting favorable effect at macro and micro

elements level.