Case Study of DFA and NFA Implementation

Published Date: 26 Mar 2018

• Muhammad Danial Waseem
• Hania Farooq

Table of Contents (Jump to)

Digital Social Media

Popular Social Media Tools and Platforms

Blogs

Face book

WhatsApp

Viber

Twitter

YouTube

Flickr

Instagram

LinkedIn Groups

Vimeo

STATE 1 (login state)

Regular expression for the state 1

(After login )

Regular expression for the state 2

Combined automata

Table (3) Transition table for combined states of facebook

Scenario 2

Language

Automata

Transition table:

Scenario 3

Language

References

References of Images

List of Figures

Figure 1- Types of social media

Figure 2- Automata of first state of facebook

Figure 3- Automata of second state of facebook

Figure 4- combined state of facebook

Figure 5- Screenshots of Whats App

Figure 6- Automata of Whats App

Figure 7- Screenshots of Viber

Figure 8- Automata of viber

Introduction

Digital Social Media

Digital Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. The Office of Digital Communication manages the main Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Foursquare, YouTube and Vimeo accounts.

Furthermore, social media depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals.These changes are the focus of the emerging field of technoself studies.

Social media are different from traditional or industrial media in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence

Diagram depicting the many different types of social media

There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 99 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 66 billion minutes in July 2011

Popular Social Media Tools and Platforms

Blogs A platform for casual dialogue and discussions on a specific topic or opinion.

Face bookThe world’s largest social network, with more than 1.32 billion monthly active users (as of June 2014). For accessing users create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including status updates. Brands create pages and Facebook users can “like” brands’ pages.

WhatsApp WhatsApp is the best social network and mobile application. User create accounts send images videos audio notes update status, recently Facebook purchased it.

Viber Viber is also an application and bestest application that gives both option of chat and call to the user.

TwitterA social networking/micro-blogging platform that allows groups and individuals to stay connected through the exchange of short status messages (140 character limit).

YouTube Video hosting and watching websites.

Flickr An image and video hosting website and online community. Photos can be shared on Facebook and Twitter and other social networking sites.

Instagram A free photo and video sharing application that allows users to apply digital filters, frames and special effects to their photos and then share them on a variety of social networking sites.

LinkedIn GroupsA place where groups of professionals with similar areas of interest can share information and participate in conversations.

VimeoVideo hosting and watching websites.

Scenario 1

An example of digital social media, i.e. Face book.

Facebook(formerly[thefacebook]) is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Facebook now allows anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old to become a registered user of the website.

After registering to use the site, users can create a User profile, add other users as "friends", exchange messages, post status updates and photos, share videos and receive notifications when others update their profiles. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People from Work" or "Close Friends".

Construct a finite automata for facebook in which a user first access to the login page of facebook then user enter ID and password for login process. This process work in backend due to searching algorithm and after search facebook opens the account of the user who enters the ID and password. And now user is entered in home page. If the user wants to create account on facebook then he/she have to enter some details that are required for creating an account and after verification of detail the user can use their home page. In home page there are 4 main options and many other option if the user wants to stay on the home page i.e. user may use search bar for searching any stuff, any application any friend or anything. User want to access a group that he already joined and either option.

The 5 main options are:

• Newsfeed (notification)
• Sharing
• Profile
• Search
• Chat

Now if user want to open newsfeed then user is able to see latest notification or anything in which user is tagged or anyone post on his time line or having response of the something which the user is already shared. User wants to share any picture/audio/video or any status among his friends. The other option is profile. Profile is the timeline of the user in which user can see or comment on what user have already shared or any friend have shared or commented on is shared thing or on status and user can update his/her personal information. The other option is search. The user want to search some content by using search bar. The last but not least option is chat. That enable the user to chat with the friends on his/her friend list.

As the whole automaton of the facebook is too vast that’s why for describing them clearly we divided it into 2 states. The first state is login state and the other stage is after login stage. And at the end we will combine all the stages as final automata.

STATE 1 (login state)

L= {L, EN, P, H, CA, ED, V,}

Q= q₀, q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆, q₇

Where,

L=login

EN= enter name

P= enter password

H=home page

CA=create an account

ED=enter detail

V=detail verified

The above automaton is illustrating that when the user give the input “L” means login and after “L” machine accepts the name and the password i.e. EN (enter name ) and p (password) for reaching the final stage of login state i.e. HOME. The user have another option if the user have not any account then the facebook machine (automata) also gives the opportunity to create an account for creating the account the machine accepts the particular details i.e. ED means to enter the required detail.

In this automata it is defined that when user open the facebook user have 2 option either he/she open account or he/she creates new account. So if user have not his account so he follow the second option go to create option enter all the details then verified these detail and account created and if have user have already account so he he/she just enter name and password and enter these thing .

So same as defined in this automata user have to follow two paths which are clearly mentioned in this automata.

Regular expression for the state 1

S=Q*I	L	EN	D	H	CD	ED	V
q0	q1	â”´	â”´	â”´	q2	q12	â”´
q1	â”´	q3	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´
q2	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q4
q3	â”´	â”´	q5	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´
q4	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´
q5	â”´	â”´	â”´	q7	â”´	q12	â”´
q6	â”´	â”´	â”´	q7	â”´	â”´	â”´
q7	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´

STATE 2

(After login )

L= { H, SH, NF, Pr, S, CH, LO, D}

Where

SH = user wants to share the pictures/audio/video or text among his friends.

NF = notification from the friends or the pages liked. The user can select the notification and see

Pr= timeline of the user. In which user can see what he shared or he/she can update his/her information.

S= the user want to search some contact.

CH = it stands for chat. That it enables user to chat with the friend on his/her friends list

LO = logout. The user sign out and get return to the main page

Second state is describes is the state open after login so after login facebook is a multifunction social media but we compiled main functions. So when user logins to fb user have many options now depend on user what user wants to do. either user stays on home page and read normally or he shared any others post, or check the notification of other or the thing which he/she tagged in, or view his own profile or any others profile or use the search option to find any person or search any app or games for playing or using.………

There are many others also things to do but these are the main thing which normally user can do on the daily basis.

Now there are some other things also which we mention in automata is using keelene. It’s like if user logins the page and he do not do anything just stay remain in home page it’s not necessary that all user do the same so it’s also mention in automata.

Regular expression for the state 2

It’s a general regular expression which is made by the automata but we have to normalize the regular expression fro make it simple and complicated for other so they don’t try to copy,

After normalization

I denoted as the r.e₂ because it’s the same regular expression but just a normalized form.

See transition table on the next page,

	H	SH	NF	Pr	S	CH	LO	D
q7	H	q8	q9	q10	q11	q12	â”´	â”´
q8	â”´	q8	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q13
q9	â”´	â”´	q9	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q13
q10	â”´	â”´	â”´	q10	â”´	â”´	â”´	q13
q11	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q11	â”´	â”´	q13
q12	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q12	â”´	q13
q13	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	q14	â”´
q14	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´	â”´

 

Combined automata

L= {L, EN, P, H, CA, ED, V, H, SH, NF, Pr, S, CH, LO, D }

r.e = S (L.E.N.P.H + CA. ED. V. H) H*(SH⁺ + NF⁺+ Pr⁺ +S⁺+CH*)D(H+LO)

L

EN

D

H

CA

ED

V

Lo

SH

NF

PR

S

CH

q0

q1

â”´

â”´

â”´

q2

â”´

â”´

â”´

q8

q9

q10

q11

q12

q1

â”´

q3

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q8

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q2

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q3

â”´

â”´

â”´

q9

â”´

â”´

â”´

q3

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q10

â”´

â”´

q4

â”´

â”´

q5

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q11

â”´

q5

â”´

â”´

â”´

q7

â”´

â”´

q6

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q6

â”´

â”´

â”´

q7

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q7

â”´

â”´

â”´

q7

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q8

q9

q10

â”´

q12

q8

â”´

â”´

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q8

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q9

â”´

â”´

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q9

â”´

â”´

â”´

q10

â”´

â”´

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q10

â”´

â”´

q11

â”´

â”´

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q11

â”´

q12

â”´

â”´

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q12

q13

â”´

â”´

â”´

q7

â”´

â”´

â”´

q14

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

q14

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

â”´

Scenario 2

Another example of digital social media i.e., WhatsApp

WhatsAppis a proprietary, cross-platform instant messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that uses the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, videos, and audio media messages as well as their location using integrated mapping features.

In WhatsApp the user have to sign up. As we know that it’s a mobile application. User can sign in try its mobile number. For open an account on WhatsApp the user have to enter the mobile number and also the verification code which is received by the WhatsApp.

Once the account has opened the user have option of;

• Searching
• Create messages

And then the contact list already generated from the phonebook which is in the contact list of WhatsApp.

There is another option in which include;

• Create chat
• Group chat (select friends and make a group and chat more than 2 people at a time)
• Change setting ( in which you can take help, Change the profile ,Accounts ,Chat setting)

In profile option you can change the profile picture and user name which is generated by WhatsApp. In account setting you can delete your account. And by clicking the contact you can see the status and picture of your selected contact.

 

Language

The language for the automata of the WhatsApp behavior’s are as follows :

L = {CA, LI, E1, MN, CV, ID, E, V, VR, D, S, EN, C, CM, SC, Sm, A, V, T, St, VP, H, DL, NC, EO, ST, CS, WS, GC, SCs, STN, Cstn, Ac, Pr, B }

Language	Description
CA	Input to create an account
L1	Login
E1	Enter information
MN	Enter Mobile Number
CV	Code verification
ID	User identification
B	Back to main state
V	Verified for next state
P	Password
VR	View and received messages
D	Done
Language	Description
EN	Enter contact name
C	Chat
CM	Create messages
SC	Select contact
Sm	Send message
A	Send Audio
V	Send Video
T	Send Text
St	Send stickers or smileys
VP	View profile
H	Hold & press
DL	Delete contact
NC	New chat
EO	Extra options
ST	Status
CS	Current status
WS	Write new status
GC	Group chat
SCs	Select contact’s
STN	Setting
Cstn	Change setting
Ac	Account setting
Pr	Privacy setting
S	Search

.

Scenario 3

Another example of social media. i.e Viber.

Viberis an instant messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) app for smartphones developed by Viber Media. In addition to instant messaging, users can exchange images, video and audio media messages. The client software is available for Mac OS, Android, BlackBerry OS, iOS, Series 40, Symbian, Bada, Windows Phone, and Microsoft Windows. A Linux version is available for Ubuntu 64-bit.Viber works on both 3G/4G and Wi-Finetworks. It first requires installation on a phone in order to work on a desktop operating system environment. Viber has over 100 million monthly active users from its 280 million global registered users.

In viber the user have to sign up. As we know that it’s a mobile application. User can sign in by its mobile number. For open an account on viber user have to enter the number and verification code received by the viber.

Once the account has opened the user face there are four option on the top of main page and four option on bottom of main page.

4 options on the top of the main page are:

1. Chat
2. View contact
3. Call history
4. Public chat

4 options on the bottom of the main page are:

1. Search
2. Create message
3. Group chat
4. Other option

Search In viber user can find their message or their contacts through search option.

Create Message In create message you either select from all contacts or from main page whom you want to chat or call.

Group Chat In group chat you make group and chat with friends.

More Option In more option there are many sub options i.e.

• Add photo (Simply Add photo from your Mobile)
• Change Name (Change your user name if you want )
• Setting and privacy

• Viber out
• Sticker Market
• Add Contacts
• Setting

Viber out It’s a unique option of viber you can buy credit and in very low cost you can call to other countries with a very low cost and without facility of internet.

Sticker Market in viber there are varieties of sticker you can purchase it or many of them are free for all user. You can simple add contact from entering phone number of any one whom you want to add

Add Contacts You can simple add contact from entering phone number of any one whom you want to add

Setting In setting there are further some options

• Privacy
• Call and message
• Chat background

Privacy

• You can block anyone from the option
• Share your online status
• Connect with fb
• Connect with twitter
• Deactivate account

Calls and Messages

You can check or clear history through this option.

Chat background

There is a default chat background of viber. But viber gives you option to change the background of Viber

Now the main is chat screen of viber.

Chat screen

It appears after selecting that user you want to chat. In chat screen there are two options the first is that the user will continue the chat and the second is that the user can call to the selected contact. During chatting you can take photo, select photo from mobile gallery and send. The user can also send the video, send doodle and send location, hold and record audio and then release to send. There is also more options in which you can send smileys and stickers and also audio.

Language

The language for the automata of the WhatsApp behavior’s are as follows:

L = {AA, CA, O, N, VC, V TO, BO, C, VCs, CH, PC, MO, GC, CM, S, GC, SCs, C, MO, AP, CN, SP, WN, VO, AD, D, SC, CH, SR, CL, SR, EN, S, T, A, V, DO, I, L, }

Language	Description
AA	Add account
CA	Create account
O	To just open when you already have account
N	Enter number
VC	Code verification
V	Verified
TO	Top options
BO	Bottom options
C	Chat
VCs	View contacts
CH	Clear history
PC	Public chat
MO	More options
GC	Group Chat
CM	Create messages
SCs	Select contacts
GC	Group chat
CM	Create messages
S	Search
Language	Description
C	Chat
MO	More options
AP	Add photo
CN	Change name
SP	Setting and privay
WN	Write name
VO	Viber out
AD	Add contact
D