What Values Or Virtues Should Be Taught

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

deal with the reality that answers to such questions that cannot be tested against scientific evidence. The assumptions underlying the answers are of importance.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with the nature of the knowledge and seeks for answer to two main questions:

What constitutes knowledge?

Is knowledge fixed or changing?

AXIOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with two major questions:

What values or virtues should be taught?

How should these values or virtues be taught?

It also focuses on what to teach, how much time to spend teaching it, how will it be taught, should I focus on high or low achieving students more?....

LOGIC …..

deals with whether the content should be designed in a "deductive" or inductive" manner?

People are essentially good and

should be free to make make their own choices in life including in education in terms of what and how they will study.

Your knowledge is tentative since it can only explain the present reality adequately and has no claim to being true for being everlasting; it cannot explain yesterday or tomorrow.

Because

Knowledge changes

Direct experience with the environment is the best stimulus

There should be no reliance on authorotarian textbooks and teaching methods

Teachers are instructional managers

Learners need to learn how inquire the environment

Schools should be aware that they are part of the social world

Freedom,Respect..are examples of values to be transmitted….

Content should be designed to the interest of the learner…

LEARNING THEORY: Cognitivism, Constructivism

LANGUAGE THEORY: Each language is composed of elements that give it unigue rhythm and spirit, functional vocabulary and core structure are key to the spirit of the language.

OBJECTIVE: Learners learn how to learn a language; eliminate the feeling of "cannot achieve"SYLLABUS: Structural lesson plans around grammatical items and related vocabulary, functional-notional syllabus butis not linear since it is developed according to the students` learning needs.METHODS: Silent Way, Suggestopedia

ESSENTIALISM (early 20th century) .. as a reaction to Progressivism

METAPHYSICAL VIEWS ……..

deal with the reality that answers to such questions that cannot be tested against scientific evidence. The assumptions underlying the answers are of importance.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with the nature of the knowledge and seeks for answer to two main questions:

What constitutes knowledge?

Is knowledge fixed or changing?

AXIOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with two major questions:

What values or virtues should be taught?

How should these values or virtues be taught?

It also focuses on what to teach, how much time to spend teaching it, how will it be taught, should I focus on high or low achieving students more?....

LOGIC …..

deals with whether the content should be designed in a "deductive" or inductive" manner?

People are basically not good and if they are left on their own to make choices they will not be able to develop the skills and habits to improve themselves.

Factual information, practical-useful knowledge that resides in science and technical fields.

(elementary levelreading-writing-arithmetic)

(secondary level science-math-English-history)

Knowledge does not change

The authority of the teacher, Hardwork, and Discipline are the most important values

Education is to enable learners to function as productive adults.

Teacher-centered techniques and new technologies are also welcomed

Content should be designed in a deductive manner….

LEARNING THEORY: Behaviourism, habit formation; skills are learnt more effectively if oral precedes written; analogy not analysis, deductive

LANGUAGE THEORY: Language is a system of rule-governed structures hierarchically arranged.

OBJECTIVES: Control of structures of sound, form, and order, mastery over symbols of the language; native like fluency.

SYLLABUS: Product-oriented, structural graded syllabus of phonology, morphology, and syntax. Contrastive analysis.

LANGUAGE LEARNING METHODS: Audio-lingual (, Grammar Translation (structurs from easy to difficult)

PERENNIALISM

METAPHYSICAL VIEWS ……..

deal with the reality that answers to such questions that cannot be tested against scientific evidence. The assumptions underlying the answers are of importance.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with the nature of the knowledge and seeks for answer to two main questions:

What constitutes knowledge?

Is knowledge fixed or changing?

AXIOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with two major questions:

What values or virtues should be taught?

How should these values or virtues be taught?

It also focuses on what to teach, how much time to spend teaching it, how will it be taught, should I focus on high or low achieving students more?....

LOGIC …..

deals with whether the content should be designed in a "deductive" or inductive" manner?

The most important thing is to develop the people`s intellectual.

Unchanging principles, enduring truths are knowledge since real substance of our lives remain unchanged.

Experiences of human beings over the centuries have established the truths that are worth knowing – technical knowledge.

Western lost its way due to too much reliance on research has lead to denial of the power and importance of human reason.

Study of the great literary Works of Civilization, humanities and literature since "universal issues and themes are as comtemporary today as they were written"…

Factual information, practical-useful knowledge that resides in science and technical fields.

Have little relevance to individuals lives….

Not described

LEARNING THEORY: Behaviourism

LANGUAGE THEORY: Language is a system of rule governed structures hierarchically arranged; is for oral use, culture is important,

OBJECTIVES: Becoming more cultured and intellectual person

SYLLABUS: Graded syllabus of phonology, morphology, and syntax; sentence-based since meaning is important;

METHODS TO TEACH LANGUAGE: Grammar Translation Method, TPR, Direct Method,

EXITENTIALISM (late 19th century, after the 1st, 2nd, Korea, Vietnam wars and as coming near to ending COLONIZATION…)

METAPHYSICAL VIEWS ……..

deal with the reality that answers to such questions that cannot be tested against scientific evidence. The assumptions underlying the answers are of importance.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with the nature of the knowledge and seeks for answer to two main questions:

What constitutes knowledge?

Is knowledge fixed or changing?

AXIOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with two major questions:

What values or virtues should be taught?

How should these values or virtues be taught?

It also focuses on what to teach, how much time to spend teaching it, how will it be taught, should I focus on high or low achieving students more?....

LOGIC …..

deals with whether the content should be designed in a "deductive" or inductive" manner?

Children have a natural tendency to be competent, mature, and to be like older children and adults.

AND…..

Adults KNOWS the BEST is REJECTED…..

Individuals do not fit into any great design of God and Nature…. There is no logic in the events in the world…

People are born into a world devoid of any universal meanings

Knowledge and its nature depends on the perception of the learner. So its changing nature is due to uniqueness of each individual.

Freedom is the value to be passed on via providing freedom to explore the world and seek their own meaning and understanding

There is only one constraint in the world: inevitable death. So people should be free in all areas to make their own choices and justify their reasons for existing.

Truth, beauty, wright/wrong is for each individual to decide.

No fixed curriculum, wide menu of choices, questions and requests of the learners are used as learning activities. Field trips and experiential learning are preferred.

All students and staff in schools are allowed a vote and a voice in the operation of school. (Bologna – the first university in the world was designed in such a fashion)

It is up to each learner to decide on their preference.

LEARNING THEORY: Learning occurs both conciously and subconciously but not all learning leads to acquisition.

LANGUAGE THEORY: Basic esence of language is meaning not grammar

OBJECTIVES: Basic communicative skills; academic learning skills

SYLLABUS: Based on selection of activities based on learners` preference and needs

LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS: Natural Approach

RECONSTRUCTIONISM

METAPHYSICAL VIEWS ……..

deal with the reality that answers to such questions that cannot be tested against scientific evidence. The assumptions underlying the answers are of importance.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with the nature of the knowledge and seeks for answer to two main questions:

What constitutes knowledge?

Is knowledge fixed or changing?

AXIOLOGICAL VIEWS……

deal with two major questions:

What values or virtues should be taught?

How should these values or virtues be taught?

It also focuses on what to teach, how much time to spend teaching it, how will it be taught, should I focus on high or low achieving students more?....

LOGIC …..

deals with whether the content should be designed in a "deductive" or inductive" manner?

Individuals that have control of their own destinities can only have the capability to promote social reforms…

Social reform is necessary for the survival of the humankind

Western lost its way, just like perennialists, but contrary to them, rather than seeking for answers from the past reconstructivists believe that a whole new social order needs to be build. They believe in reform.

Values: equality, fairness, democratic decision-making, social justice via first-hand-experience in classes that reflect the values of justice and equality

Critical thinking should be the main goal of education for individuals not to be pronouncers of holders of political power.

Via courses in "behavioural science".

Teachers` role is to raise issues and direct learners to relevant sources.

LEARNING THEORY: Learning involves the whole person

LANGUAGE THEORY: Language is for creative, critical thinking

OBJECTIVES: No specific objective

SYLLABUS: No set syllabus

LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS: Community Language Learning