Project Minimizing Energy Usages

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Submitted to

Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

EN12511594

L.S.S.L.Premathilaka

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelor of Science Special Honors Degree in Information Technology

February 2013

Declaration

I certify that this report does not incorporate without acknowledgement, any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university, and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in text.

Name – L.S.S.L.Premathilaka

Student Registration Number – EN12511594

Table of Contents

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 01-02

1.1. What is Fiber Optics? .......................................................................................01

1.2 .Why fiber optics used for data transmission…………………………………. 02

1.3. Data transmission through fiber optic cables………………………………….02

Fiber optic connectors……………………………………………………………...03-06

SMA connectors………………………………………………………………03

ST connectors (Straight Tip)………………………………………………….04

FC connectors………………………………………………………………....05

SC connectors………………………………………………………………...06

Some new Small Form Factor connector types in below……………………………07-0

3.1. LC connectors………………………………………………………………..

3.2. MT-RJ Connectors…………………………………………………………...

3.3. Opti-Jack Connectors………………………………………………………...

3.4. Volition……………………………………………………………………….

3.5. LX-5………………………………………………………………………….

3.6. MU……………………………………………………………………………

3.7. MT……………………………………………………………………………

4. Installing Fiber Optic Connectors……………………………………………………

4.1. End face of the cleaved fiber…………………………………………………

4.2. Connector Ferrule Shapes & Polishes………………………………………..

Introduction

1.1. What is Fiber Optics

That is a technology that uses glass or plastic threads to transmit data. These cables are containing with bundle of glass threads. All cables in the inside of the bundle are transmitting data as light wave. The light waves are going through the fiber optic using total internal reflection. Because cladding of the fiber optic cable has refractive index that slightly lower than core.

B_Box_fiber.jpg

Figure 1

Core – This core made out by glass or plastic. Converted light wave that has transmitted data is travel through the core, from lighting source to receiving device. Lager core can carry more light. Fiber optics are sized according to core diameter.

Cladding – This thin layer surrounds the fiber core. This layer supposes to do total internal reflection to light waves.

Coating – Core made out by plastic to protect core and protecting wave when bends of communicating path.

Strengthening Fibers - This fiber for against crushing forces and tensions when installing.

1.2. Why fiber optics used for data transmission

Normal cables like copper cable, co-axial cable and twisted cables reduce the energy of transmitted wave. To avoid this problem, fiber optics is used for the data communication. There is no energy lost in transmitted wave. And accuracy of the data signal is very high. Because fiber optics don’t waste amplitude of the signal.

fiber_1_picture_for_web_fiber_jpg_8-26-97.jpg

The route of the transmitted wave

(1.2. Figure 2)

Data transmission through fiber optic cables

For data transmission we want to connect fiber optic cable to data sending source to receiving device. So the sources and receiving devices have different types of ports. Any way we must connect fiber optics between any devices. Sometimes the data source has one type of connector socket and receiving device has another type of connector. So we want to build a fiber optic cable with different end connectors that suitable for socket type of devices.

2. Fiber optic connectors

2.1. SMA connectors

timthumb.jpg

2.1. Figure 3

Specification

Impedance - 50Ω

Electrical performance – 0 to 18GHz

SMA connectors have different type qualities and various materials. This type of connectors widely use in vehicle tracking systems, telecommunication and aero testing instruments. This stainless steel structure and thread locking mechanism are advantages of SMA connector type.

ST connectors (Straight Tip)

multimode-st-connector-on-3mm-jacketed-fiber.jpg

2.2. Figure 4

Specification

Insertion loss – 0.20dB (Insertion loss – The total power loss in jointed end of the cable)

Return loss - 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 800

ST connectors are commonly use in networking purposes. It uses for short distance and also long line applications. It has bayonet & cylindrical part. So it must seat properly for good communication.

There are two types of ST connectors.

ST – keyed connector type

ST-2 – spring-loaded connecter type

FC connectors

single-mode-fc-connector-on-3mm-jacketed-fiber.jpg

2.3. Figure 5

Specification

Insertion loss – 0.20dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 800

This connector uses for single mode fibers, SM fiber optic component, and high speed fiber optic data communication links. FC connector contain anti-rotation key for reduce end surface damage of fiber optic cable and rotational alignment of it. It has 25mm ferrule. Early ones used stainless steel ferrule. When this is installing make sure to align properly before tightening.

SC connectorssc.jpg

scconnector.jpg

Figure 6

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.30dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 750

SC connectors use in newly applications. This connector contains push/pull style connector. It’s easy to install and data loss is minimum. Because alignment between two SC single mode connector is widely used. But it is also available in duplex configuration. This connector is twice expensive than ST connectors.

Some new Small Form Factor connector types in below

LC Connectorslc.png

lc2.jpeg

3.1. Figure 7

Specification

Insertion loss – Single mode - 0.20dB

Duplex mode – 0.25dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 800

This connector has half size of SC connector type. Both single mode and duplex configuration are available. It has ceramic ferrule and easy to adhesive.

MT-RJ Connectors

MT-RJ_Connector_fiber_optic.jpg

(Female - no pins) (Male)

3.2. Figure 8

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.30dB

Return loss – 45dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 800

This connector contains two fibers in one polymer ferrule. It has pins for good light travelling. So it has minimum data loss. MT-RJ connectors have multi mode only. It can connect by splice method only.

Opti-Jack Connectors

OptiJack-c.jpg

3.3. Figure 9

This is one of neat connector type. This contains two ST type ferrules. This is very cleverly designed.

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.20dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 800

Volition

Volition-bw.jpg

3.4. Figure 10

Volition is a slick. It’s inexpensive duplex connector that uses no ferrule at all. It aligns fibers in a V-groove like a splice. Plug and jack versions, but field terminates jacks only.

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.80dB

Return loss – 45dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 700

LX - 5

lx5.jpg

3.5. Figure 11

It’s like LC type. But it has shutter over the end of the fiber.

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.25dB

Return loss – 60dB

Operating temperature - -200 to 700

MUmu.jpg

3.6. Figure 12

It’s smaller type of SC connector with 1.25mm ferrule. It’s more popular in Japan. Because it very small. It’s available as a duplex connector.

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.20dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 700

MTMTP.jpg

3.7. Figure 13

MT is a fiber connector for ribbon cable. Its use is for predominated cable assemblies and cabling systems. This connector is sometimes called a MTP or MPO which are commercial names.

Specifications

Insertion loss – 0.20dB

Return loss – 50dB

Operating temperature - -400 to 700

Installing Fiber Optic Connectors

When we connect fiber optic connectors to the fiber cable, it has some steps to do it properly.

Cut fiber cable one inch longer than required length.

Remove the outer jacket by a stripper.

Remove the fiber coating. It can use two ways to remove.

Cutting edge of the fiber put in to paint thinner for two minutes and wipe it smoothly by soft cloth.

Carefully remove the fiber coating using stripper. It must be a fiber stripper. Because metal stripper can damage the cable.

Thorley clean uncovered fiber by 99% pure isopropyl alcohol. Never use dry tissues to wipe fiber optics.

Cleaving – cleaving can be done by hand. So that we have to use very clever tool for cleaving. As well as it can do by cleaving machine. For that we must place the tip of ferrule on clever tool and cut it. We must cut it through one direction only. Because if it is not cut in one direction, fiber will break.

End face of the cleaved fiber

Not cleaved well Cleaved well

4.1. Figure 14

Polishing – after cleaving end face of fiber connect to a polishing brush. It will polish sixty times for proper connections.

4.1. Figure 15

Connector Ferrule Shapes & Polishes

In early days rotatable ferrules are used to connect fiber optics. Because there are no keyed ferrules early days. With this rotatable type of ferrules air gap is created between two connections. Beginning with keyed ferrules the loss of data, air gap between two connections & back reflection are reduced. Because keyed mechanism has tied two end surfaces of fiber properly.

Air gap

Flat physical connect

Physical connect

Angle physical connect

4.2. Figure 16

References –

[1]. http://www.wellshow.com

[2]. http://www.zhaoye-tech.com

[3]. http://www.fiberstore.com

[4]. www.fiber-optics.info