To Run An Auto Rickshaw

Published Date: 02 Nov 2017

Solar Rickshaw

Initial Report

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Rizwan Tariq BEE-10101

Umer Asif BEE-10103

M.Waqas Ali BEE-10114

M.Fahad Malik BEE-10147

M.Adeel Javaid BEE-10148

This report is presented as part of Degree of

Bachelor’s of Science in Electrical Engineering

Superior University

OCT 2012-TO-OCT2013

Superior University Campus, Lahore

Department of Electrical Engineering

Supervisor: Mr.Bilal Masood

Co-Supervisor: Mr. Saad Suleman

Synopsis

Abstract

Auto rickshaws are small, three-wheeled vehicles which are used extensively in many Asian countries for transport of people and goods. The vehicles are small and narrow allowing for easy maneuverability in congested Asian metropolises. In Pakistan, auto rickshaws are commonly used as taxis, as they are very inexpensive to operate. Despite the apparent advantages in the vehicle design, auto rickshaws present a huge pollution problem in major Pakistan cities. This is due to the use of an inefficient engine, typically a 2 or 4 stroke, with almost no pollution control. This paper presents a transportation system based on auto rickshaws that operate in an environmentally friendly way. A recharging infrastructure is proposed which will allow the batteries to be charged using mostly renewable energy sources such as solar power.

Objectives

To run an auto Rickshaw using solar power without involving other power sources, this will be economical and efficient.

Motivation "Throwing in my 2 cents using solar power before the planet melts, sinks or explodes"

To use abundantly available solar power

To reduce the use of fossil fuels

Environment friendly in nature

High future prospects in Renewable energy field

Economical

Introduction and Background

Solar rickshaw is motorized by the sun's energy.

Solar panel is the main component of the solar rickshaw. That assemble the energy from the sun and converts it into functional electrical energy and further it converted into mechanical energy.

The solar cells gather a portion of the sun’s energy and store it into the batteries of the solar rickshaw.

After the energy put away in the batteries, that is use it is for operating the motor & motor controller to drive the rickshaw.

Motor controller adjusts the amount of energy that flows to the motor.

.

Related Work

In an era of power crisis, Solar Rickshaw is an efficient and economical addition in the power sector. So this technology will open a new chapter of revolution in automobiles with no fuel cost and many other technologies of power generation will be practically feasible in near future such as by Bio mass, Wind, tides, etc. So our work will contribute in the development of renewable energy sources.

Resources Required

Internet

Research papers

Books

Knowledge

Block Diagram

Table of Contents

List of Acronyms

Here you will write the abbreviations if used in your Thesis work. E.g.

AAS Adaptive Antenna System

AES Advance Encryption Standard

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BBM Break Before Make

BER Bit Error Rate

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Station

BWA Broadband Wireless Access

CBC Cipher Block Channing

CCM Counter with CBC-MAC

CCI Co-Channel Interference

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CD Code Division

Ch Reserved Channels for Handovers

CIDs Connection Identifiers

CMAC Cipher Based Message Authentication Code

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

Following are the guidelines and template for the initial project report

Introduction

Developing solar rickshaw is very handsome and ambitious goal but it can only be achieved through hard work and commitment. The first challenge is to organize a group of people who are interested in this project. After this another big challenge is approach to the efficient components. After the detailed survey of markets we come to know that PCRET is producing most efficient panels in Pakistan and required motor is available at Bilal Gung. Then comes the part of money that how much expenditure is required? If we will use the efficient parts to build solar rickshaw it will cost us about Rs. 1, 20,000. So this amount will be equally divided among five group members.

According to research the highest amount of vehicles which are present at peak hour of traffic are rickshaws. Although they are manufactured at large scale but with no pollution control. Noise and environmental pollution both are produced from this vehicle. We hope that our project will be fruitful for both rickshaw drivers and passengers how used to travel daily through this conveyance. On the other hand this will also give a good effect on the environment.

1.1 Main Components

Rickshaw Body

Solar Panel

Battery

Control Charger

Dc Motor

Gear Box

Block Diagram

Schematic Diagram

Explanation

The main source of energy for rickshaw is solar energy. When sun light falls on the solar panels, they convert it into electrical energy. This electrical energy is stored in batteries. Batteries are connected to the motor. The motor is mechanically coupled with gear box which derives the wheels. So in this way the light energy is first converted to electrical energy which is stored in batteries in the form of chemical energy and then finally converted to mechanical energy.

Mathematical modeling

Force analysis of rickshaw up the inclined plane;

F= µMg cos q + Mg sinq

Power, P=Force (F) × Velocity (V)

Assuming Velocity, V =15 km/h or 4 m/s, µ=0.2

Power required:

mass

0°

4°

6°

8°

10°

300

2352

3172

3572

3972

4364

350

2774

3700

4168

4632

5092

400

3136

4228

4764

5296

5820

450

3528

4756

5356

5956

6544

500

3920

5284

5956

6616

7272

Solar panel

A solar panel (also Solar module, photovoltaic module photovoltaic panel) is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions.

Theory and construction

Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Must solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desire output voltage and or in parallel to provide a desire current capability for solar rickshaw. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electricity to one another and to the rest of system.

Efficiencies

Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from range of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light) Hence much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges and direct the beams onto different cells turned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%.

Currently the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar panel efficiency) is around 17.4% in new commercial products typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation

Most solar panel are currently produced from silicon photovoltaic. These are typically categorized as

Poly-Crystalline

Mono-Crystalline

Solar Panel Multicrystalline

Solar Panel Monocrystalline

Poly-Crystalline panel

Mono-Crystalline panel

Poly-Crystalline

Poly-Crystalline cell consists of many crystals. It has familiar life span to the Mono-Crystalline cell, it has lower efficiency and cost per watt.

Mono-Crystalline

Mono-Crystalline cell are made of a single crystal. Mono-Crystalline solar panels are high efficiency solar panels.

Panel need for solar Rickshaw?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..??????

Quality of solar panels

We use mono-crystalline panel for solar rickshaw that is good in quality and can be used 20-25 year without any massive loss. If we use other type of solar panel with quality vise then we see it has about 1% or less yearly loss of energy each year. So it mean if we use these panels 20 years then their loss percent of 20%. So a 100 Watt panel will produce 20% less then what it produced when it was new. 100 Watt minus 20 it is equal 80 Watt. After a 20 years usage in direct sunshine a solar panel will produce 80 Watt.

Control Charger

In solar rickshaw, charge controller is used to charge batteries from Solar Panels. For our requirement (series and parallel connection) Solar panels normal give 25-27 volt, charge controller converts that to 24-25 volt and charges battery. Battery often needs a higher voltage than it already mentions to charge capacity of the battery. Charge controller prevents batteries to be over charged, and stops to charge when battery is fully charged. And it will give longer life for battery. Alternate way is that, we can also use blocking diode instead of charge controller. But there are some negative effects of blocking diodes that is, battery can be over charged and damaged. In solar auto rickshaw there is big solar panel system so it is better to have an advanced charge controller. That gives you complete statistics of how much volt and ampere it has charged battery. Advanced charge controllers also show you how much ampere is on batteries. Charges controllers can automatic disconnect battery if it is going to be empty.

Charge controllers

Battery

Battery is a device that produces electricity from chemical reaction. It is a hardware component that operates the device without nay power core. A battery may be consists of single cell, two cells or more cells in a single package.

Types Of Batteries

There are different types of batteries. Some are called as primary and some are called as secondary. The different types are according to the capacities and requirements. The types are as follows:

Primary Batteries

Primary batteries are common, easy to use and cheap. The batteries those are not rechargeable and are expired after once discharge are called as primary batteries. The lifetime of such type of batteries is not much for long use. These are used in toys, watches, radios and flashlights. These are used for only once because the chemical reaction that provides the electrical current is irreversible.

Secondary Batteries

Secondary batteries can be used, charge and reused. The batteries which are rechargeable and used for long terms are called as secondary options batteries. These batteries are cost efficient although individual batteries are more expensive. The lifetime of such type of batteries is hundreds time more than that for primary batteries. Secondary batteries usually have more active and disposal. These batteries have best solution for high drain applications. For our purposes, we have the following

Wet/flooded battery

Calcium-calcium battery

Valve regulated lead acid battery

Deep cycle

Lithium ion battery

Sealed batteries

Traction batteries

Leisure batteries

Lithium ion batteries

Lithium polymer batteries

Why We Select Deep Cycle Battery

A battery can discharge number of times is known as its life cycle. Our purposes for solar applications a battery needs to be capable of being discharge thousands of time. This type of battery is known as deep cycle batteries. Mostly car batteries are the common type of lead-acid battery. A deep cycle battery will provide power for long time. These batteries are typically used in golf carts, small electric boats or electric vehicles. These batteries are very famous in used to collect and store solar and wind power. Deep cycle batteries have thicker plates inside the battery and thus this increase the charging capacity. They have typically a high discharge rate. Common deep cycle batteries:

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Charging And Discharging Of Battery

The charging of battery depends on the charging current and the battery chemistry. If the voltage of the battery is less than the voltage applied to the battery, a current will flow through in the reverse direction and the battery will charge. The discharging of the battery depends upon the Ah or m Ah rating of the battery. Peukert’s Law gives the capacity of the battery in term of the discharging rate. As the discharging rate increases the battery capacity decreases. And similarly lower the discharging rate higher the capacity.

How To Calculate The Charging Time Of The Battery

The charging time of battery is calculated by the formula: AH rating of battery / applied current.

Example: Take 200 AH battery and if the applied current is 20 amperes, it would be 200Ah / 20A=10 hrs approximately.

As our output current from panels is approximately 22 to 25 amperes. So, all the calculations are according to 24 amperes of current.

Charging of battery for (24v, 48v)

For 100AH and 24 ampere

100Ah /24 A = 4.166 hrs

For 120AH and 24 ampere

120Ah / 24 A = 5 hrs

For 200AH and 24 ampere

200Ah / 24 A = 8.333 hrs

How To Calculate The Discharging Time Of The Battery

The discharging of battery is calculated by the formula: (Ah rating of battery * battery volts) / applied load.

Example: Take 200 AH battery and if the applied load is 1000 and motor is of 24 volts, it would be (200*24)/1000 = 4.8 hrs

We have selected a motor of 2 hp and the load according to 2 hp is 1492. So our applied load for the following calculations is 1492.

Discharging of battery for (24v, 48v)

For 24V:

For 100AH and 24 ampere

(100*24)/1492 = 2.4 hrs

For 120AH and 24 ampere

(120*24)/1492 = .8 hrs

For 200AH and 24 ampere

(200*24)/1492 = 4.8 hrs

For 48V:

For 100AH and 48 ampere

(100*48)/1492 = 2.4 hrs

For 120AH and 48 ampere

(120*48)/1492 = .8 hrs

For 200AH and 48 ampere

(200*48)/1492 = 4.8 hrs

Battery Efficiency

The efficiency of the battery is depends on the factors including rate of charging and discharging. Higher the rate of charging and discharging means lower the efficiency and vice versa.

 Speed of DC Series Motor

In series motor, a linear relationship exist between the flowing through the field windings and the amount of torque produced. As heavy currents flow through the very think series field windings, large torques are produced in series motors. This feature makes series motors to be use as starter motors for heavy load like industrial or light load like rickshaw applications. Series motors generally operate for a very less duration, about only a few seconds, just for the starting purpose.

Speed control of D.C Series Motor

The speed control of d.c series motor con be obtained by

Flux control method

In this method, the flux produced by the series motor is varied and hence the speed. The variation of flux can be obtained by four different methods.

Field diverters

Armature diverters

Tapped field control

Paralleling field coils

Field diverters

In this method, a variable resistance called field diverter is connected in parallel with series field winding. Its effect is to shunt some portion of the line current from the series winding. The speed of d.c motor inversely proportional to the induced flux. Obviously, the lowest speed obtainable is the normal speed of the motor. This method can only provide above the normal speed. The series field diverter method is often employed in grip work.

Armature diverters

A diverter connected across the armature controls the speed below rated values. Current drawn by armature is reduced by the diverter and for a given load-torque flux must increase.therefor, the variation in can be controlled by varying the diverter resistance.

Tapped field control

The series field winding is tapped-off and number of turns is changed and speed is varied above normal value.

Paralleling field coils

The series field is divided into several parts usually equal to the number of poles which may be connected all in series, all in parallel, speeds above normal can only be obtained by this method.

Problem statement

Field control method or flux control method, the field exciting current is varied to control the speed of dc motors. In the case of dc series motors external resistance called diverter is connected across the series field. The current flowing through the field windings is decreased. Decrease in field exciting current reduces the flux. As the speed of motor is inversely proportional to flux the speed of the motor increases. Thus by field control method the motors can be operated at speed above normal rated speed. Since torque developed is directly proportional to flux, the decrease in flux decrease the field excitation current, which result reduction in the torque. But at the same time the increase in speed due to decrease in flux keeps the power developed constant. So in this method cannot achievable normal speed into small speed value. And also create armature reaction in flux control method and commutation is also not good. So this method is not useable for our project requirements.

Armature-resistance control method

In this method, a variable resistance is directly connected in series with the supply to the complete motor. This reduces the voltage available across the armature and hence the speed falls. By changing the value of variable resistance, any speed below the normal speed can be obtained. This is most common method employed to control the speed of d.c series motors. Another way to control the speed of a dc motor is to place a rheostat in series with the armature. And the overall efficiency is low. This method enables us to reduce the speed below its nominal speed. it is only recommended for small motors because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat, overall efficiency is low. Armature speed control using a rheostat.

Selected speed control method

In motor the speed of the motor is proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the flux in the field or field current. at instant of starting to control the speed not to go beyond its rated value, the field rheostat is kept at minimum which means the flux flow through the field is maximum and field current is maximum so the speed will be minimum and similarly. when the armature rheostat is in maximum the voltage applied is minimum. so does the speed which will also be minimum and you can bring the machine to its rated speed by controlling any one of this. that is either by increasing the applied voltage to the armature or by decreasing the current to the field. In heavy load form armature current will be maximum. But motor speed is minimum and back emf is also minimum. In no load or light load situation the value of armature current is also decrease. Therefore, the speed of motor increase at danger point. So will be create heavy centrifugal forces and motor can be damage. When motor in starting condition need maximum variable resistance, because when motor is start at this time no back emf therefor need the maximum starting resistance so when motor become in running condition then back emf is also occure.but at this time value of resistance is minimum. Because according our project needs maximum starting torque, in this method we have decrease the motor speed to connect the rheostat speed control method.thherefor back emf is also diminish. But we take easily maximum starting torque with the help of rheostat speed control method.

Definition of a motor

A motor is an electrometrical device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Mechanical energy used to rotate pump impeller, fan, and blower, drive compressors and in lift material

Working principal of a simple motor

When a current current-carrying conductor is located in an external magnetic field perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to itself and to external magnetic field.

The right hand rule for force on a conductor can be used to determine the direction of the force experienced on the conductor. If the thumb points in the direction of the current in the conductor and the fingers of the right hand point in the direction of the external magnetic field, then the force on the conductor is directed outward from the palm of the right hand.

Main types of motors

Electric motors

Alternating current (AC) motor

Direct current (DC) motor

Synchronous

Induction

Self

Excited

Series

Compound

Shunt

Separately excited

Alternating current (AC) motor

There are two major classes of ac rnachines-synchronous machines and induction machines. Synchronous machines are motors and generators whose magnetic field current is supplied by a separate dc power source, while induction machines are motors and generators whose field current is supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action) into their field windings. The field circuits of most synchronous and induction machines are located on their rotors.AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current. Commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.

Working principal of ac motors

Principle of operation for all AC motors relies on the interaction of a revolving magnetic field created in the stator by AC current, with an opposing magnetic field either induced on the rotor or provided by a separate DC current source. Resulting interaction produces usable torque, which can be coupled to desired loads throughout the facility in a convenient manner.

Advantages of Alternating current (AC) motor

Low cost

Speed variation

High power factor

Reliable operation

Disadvantages of Alternating current (AC) motor

Inability to operate at low speeds

Poor positioning control

AC will produce eddy currents due to the production of a back emf

DC motor

DC machines are generators that convert mechanical energy to dc electric energy and motors that convert dc electric energy to mechanical energy. Most dc machines are like ac machines in that they have ac voltages and currents within them---dc machines have a dc output only because a mechanism exists hat converts the internal ac voltages to dc voltages at their terminals. Since this mechanism is called a commutator, dc machinery is also known as commutating machinery.

Working principal of DC motor

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/imgmag/dcmop.gif

When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing rotation. The armature continues to rotate. When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats.

Advantages of (dc) motor

Dc motor provides excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration with effective and simple torque control. In dc motor the power supply is directly connected to the field circuit so it can use for excellent voltage control. Which are provide a extra advantage in speed and torque control application.dc motor performance is batter than ac motor in traction equipment. They are used for mobile equipment like golf carts and mining equipment. DC motors are expediently portable and well matched to special applications, such as industrial tools and machinery that is not easily run from remote power sources.

Comparison between the different types of dc motor

Type of motor

Characteristics

Application

Shunt

Approximately constant speed adjustable speed medium starting torque (up to 1.5 F.L torque)

For driving constant speed line shafting.Lathes, centrifugal pumps. Machine tools, blowers and fans and in reciprocating pumps

Series

Variable speed

Adjustable varying speed

High starting torque

For traction work. Electric locomotives. Rapid transit systems,trolley,cars etc.cranes and hoists and in conveyors

Cumulative compound

Variable speed

Adjustable varying speed

High starting torque

For intermediate high torque loads, for shears and punches,elevators,conveyors,heavy planers, rolling mills; ice machines; printing presses; air compressors

Gearbox

A gearbox is a mechanical device which is used to increase the output torque by reducing RPM. The motor shaft is coupled with the shaft of gearbox and the output shaft of gearbox is connected to the load providing the torque and speed conversions. Gearboxes are available in different sizes and gear ratios to meet the output torque requirement.

Background

In Pakistan the "Solar Auto Rickshaw" is only developed by The Minister for Science and Technology on December 14, 2012 to help overcome the acute shortage of energy and rising costs of fuel.

In India recently cycle rickshaw are converted to solar rickshaws. Now they can run on any sources i.e. by paddles or on battery. The new name of this vehicle is "soleckshaw".

After background rest of the report should contain the following (Chose headings of your own choice according to the data):

Elaborate the problem statement and its final solution that is to be followed

Elaborate your synopsis that how much work has been done so far. Is the work according to the synopsis presented or is it going out of phase?

Mention the descriptive literature survey done to support and complete the project up till now (e.g. all research paper, websites and books)

Elaborate which Phase the project is in rite now e.g. survey, software or hardware etc.

Elaborate what has been achieved so far in direction of the Project

Conclusion

Appendix

This is optional part if you have any thesis code etc. or if you have done any survey, it must be provided here.