Parental Discipline and its Effects on Children

A lot of children suffer from internalizing disorders which starts in childhood, which affect children later in life sometimes catastrophically and increase the risk of psychiatric morbidity (Laskey, B. J. & Cartwright, Hatton, S. 2009).There are multiple studies been published that show a correlation between the style of parenting and the process of children's internalizing (Laskey, B. J. & Cartwright, Hatton, S. 2009). The style of parenting also seems to affect the symptoms that the children experiences. (Laskey, B. J. & Cartwright, Hatton, S. 2009). There is evidence showing that harsh physical discipline of children has a correlational link to many negative outcomes (Bender, H., ALLEN, J., McELHANEY, K., ANTONISHAK, J., MOORE, C., KELLY, H., & DAVIS, S. 2007). If children exhibit aggressive behavior towards the caretaker, they are more likely to experience the negative outcomes of harsh parental discipline (Sheehan, M. J., & Watson, M. W. 2008). The use of harsh verbal discipline by parents can have a very impactful result on the behavioral and emotional development of adolescents (Wang, M. T., & Kenny, S. 2014).

The concept of harsh parental discipline refers to parents using threatening psychological force with the intention of causing emotional pain and discomfort due to the attempt to discipline the conduct of a Childs misbehavior (Straus & Field, 2003). There is a range that harsh parental discipline ranges in, anywhere from yelling to shouting or using words to humiliate the child (Wang, M. T., & Kenny, S. 2014). AS children get older and into adolescence, parents have a tendency to make a transition from using physical disciplinary measures and began implementing verbal techniques (Sheehan & Watson, 2008). Harsh parenting is among the most reliable correlates of child aggressive and disruptive behavior (Gershoff, 2002).

Child internalizing issues relate to children experiencing negative mental health outcomes, having behavior or emotional problems as the result of harsh parenting (Mackenbach, J. D., Ringoot, A. P., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., Jaddoe, V. W., Hofman, A., ... & Tiemeier, H. W. 2014).

The concept of Delinquency in children is classified in two separate categories: Overt and Covert delinquency (Loeber 1996). Overt delinquency refers to violent actions such as physically attacking someone with or without a weapon, issuing threats, murder, and rape. Covert delinquency refers to non- aggressive acts such as shoplifting, pick pocketing, arson, vandalism, and selling drugs ( Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van Der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. 2009). Delinquencies are furthermore characterized by problems in their childhood such as poor family functioning (Moffitt and Caspi 2001).

This research paper will be focusing on the effects that harsh parenting has on children in order to raise awareness of the impacts of the style of parenting. Following this, and overall summary of the research will be provided along with identified limitations and suggestions for future researchers.

Parental discipline and internalizing issues in children.

The use of corporal punishment and aggressive parenting practices have been correlated to long-term psychological symptoms (Miller-Perrin et al., 2009). Severe physical aggression experienced during childhood there is associated with serious psychological consequences in adulthood (Miller-Perrin et al., 2009). There is a definite correlational link for children between their relationships of aggressive discipline and their internalizing problems (Taillieu, T. L., & Brownridge, D. A. 2013). Within the participants in this study there was adequate evidence to show if corporal punishment and aggressive parenting styling were used at age 10 that children would experiences lower self-esteem (Taillieu, T. L., & Brownridge, D. A. 2013). There were similar results by a study by (Taylor, C. A., Manganello, J. A., Lee, S. J., & Rice, J. C. 2010). The primary prevention of child violence can start with not utilizing and preventing corporal punishment. The community of pediatrics as well as others concerned about the wellbeing of children are knowledgeable that the use of corporal discipline is not necessary and effective form of parenting (Taylor, C. A., Manganello, J. A., Lee, S. J., & Rice, J. C. 2010). There needs to be reductions in parents use of corporal punishment and through various randomized clinical trials regarding the use of parenting interventions that were specifically designed to treat conduct disorder in children, and the results indicated that by lowering the use of harsh punishment techniques, a correlation was shown for it to reduce the level of children's subsequent aggression. Those who experience these forms of parenting are at risk for depression, anxiety, and lower feelings of self-esteem (Taillieu, T. L., & Brownridge, D. A. 2013). Whether parental discipline is used by the mother or father raises the chances of behavioral problems developing in children. This study focused on milder forms of harsh parental discipline and the results indicate that there were parent and children behavioral problems (Taillieu, T. L., & Brownridge, D. A. 2013). The use of harsh parenting in children has links to symptoms of depression and lower self- esteem levels and the consequences of harsh parenting extend into adolescence (Bender, H. L., Allen, J. P., McELHANEY, K. B., Antonishak, J., Moore, C. M., Kelly, H. O. B., & Davis, S. M. 2007).

Please Gabrielle adds details if needed to my section and proof APA formatting and grammar errors.

Delinquency as an outcome of harsh parenting

The style of parenting is affiliated with delinquency behaviors with neglectful parenting linked to moderate desisting and serious persisting and desisting trajectories and authoritarian parenting linked to serious and persistent delinquency (Hoeve, M., Blokland, A., Dubas, J. S., Loeber, R., Gerris, J. R., & van der Laan, P. H. 2008).

A study analyzed 251child between the ages of 8-16 and reported harsh parenting at age 8 along with the mother reporting delinquency between childhood and adolescence between the ages of 8-16, while adolescence reported on their substance use at age 16. (Hinnant, J. B., Erath, S. A., & El-Sheikh, M. (2015). Children during the research study completed a scale known as the parent- child conflict tactics assessment (CTSPC; Straus, 1999), which is widely used to assess harsh parenting (Yodanis, Hill & Straus, 2001). In the assessment children reported on their mothers and fathers frequency of harsh parenting styles relation to psychological and verbal such as (shouting, yelling screamed; five items) and physical, spanked you on the bottom with hand, slapped you on the hear or ears; nine items). This assessment studied the aggression directed towards the child in the past year (Hinnant, J. B., Erath, S. A., & El-Sheikh, M. 2015). Mothers reported on children's delinquent behaviors using the Personality Inventory for Children-II (PIC2; Lachar & Gruber, 2001). The assessment consisted of 47 items that access antisocial behavior (e.g., "My child is in trouble with the police"), dyscontrol (e.g., "My child often looks for a fight or argument"), and noncompliance (e.g., "My child often breaks the rules"). Reliabilities for the delinquency scale raw scores at ages 8, 9, 10, and 16 were .80, .90, .98 and .92, respectively. In this study at age 8, there were 17 of the 251 children in the sample (6%) had achieved borderline or clinical range. The age 16 32 (13%) of the children of the 251 sample,

References

Erath, S. A., El Sheikh, M., & Mark Cummings, E. (2009). Harsh parenting and child externalizing behavior: Skin conductance level reactivity as a moderator. Child development, 80(2), 578-592.

Erath, S. A., El-Sheikh, M., Hinnant, J. B., & Cummings, E. M. (2011). Skin conductance level reactivity moderates the association between harsh parenting and growth in child externalizing behavior. Developmental psychology, 47(3), 693.

Hoeve, M., Blokland, A., Dubas, J. S., Loeber, R., Gerris, J. R., & van der Laan, P. H. (2008). Trajectories of delinquency and parenting styles. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 36(2), 223-235

Parent, J., Forehand, R., Merchant, M. J., Edwards, M. C., Conners-Burrow, N. A., Long, N., & Jones, D. J. (2011). The relation of harsh and permissive discipline with child disruptive behaviors: Does child gender make a difference in an at-risk sample?. Journal of Family Violence, 26(7), 527-533.

Miller, S., Loeber, R., & Hipwell, A. (2009). Peer deviance, parenting and disruptive behavior among young girls. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 37(2), 139.

Lansford, J. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Berlin, L. J., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2007). Early physical abuse and later violent delinquency: A prospective longitudinal study. Child maltreatment, 12(3), 233-245.